M Gharailou; A Yassaghi; J Bagheri
Abstract
The NW-SW trending Garmsar Anticline is located in the Abardej area in northwestern part of the Garmsar city, 110 km east of the Tehran province. The aim of this paper is to investigate folding style of the Garmsar Anticline and its relationship with the Kavir thrust and also the influence of tectonic ...
Read More
The NW-SW trending Garmsar Anticline is located in the Abardej area in northwestern part of the Garmsar city, 110 km east of the Tehran province. The aim of this paper is to investigate folding style of the Garmsar Anticline and its relationship with the Kavir thrust and also the influence of tectonic regime inversion on the structures of the study area. Furthermore, the study aims at determining spatial development of the structures based on field observations and subsurface data interpretation. The presence of a thrust fault along the southern limb of the Garmsar anticline suggests that this anticline is a fault-related fold, whose specifications are characteristic of faulted-detachment folding style. The existence of the Lower Red Formation evaporates as a ductile horizon has influenced folding style in the Garmsar Anticline, which is clearly observed in seismic lines. The anticline axis is also cross-cut by secondary strike-slip faults that are the youngest structures in the area. Fold amplifications during compressional regime has resulted in development of this set of strike-slip faults across the axis of the Garmsar Anticline.
Petrology
Maryam Kouchi; Malihe Nakhaei
Abstract
In northeast of Sarbisheh city, southern Khorasan, outcrops of lava rocks are exist that from view of geological subdivisions, located in eastern part of Lut block. Lithologic composition of studied collections consist of andesite (pyroxene andesite, andesite, trachy andesite), dacite and rhyolite. The ...
Read More
In northeast of Sarbisheh city, southern Khorasan, outcrops of lava rocks are exist that from view of geological subdivisions, located in eastern part of Lut block. Lithologic composition of studied collections consist of andesite (pyroxene andesite, andesite, trachy andesite), dacite and rhyolite. The main texture of these rocks are porphyry with microlitic-glass groundmass, glomeroporphyritic, poikilitic and vesicular. The mineral constituents of andesitic rocks are plagioclase, pyroxene and amphibole with small quantities of biotite and sanidine and in rhyolite and dacite include of quartz, sanidine, plagioclase, amphibole and biotite. Disequilibrium textures such as chemical zoning, sieve texture, rounded and gulf shape margins in phenocrysts of these rocks are observed. Geochemical study results show that these lavas belong to high to medium-K calc alkaline series. Enrichment in LREE and LILE, depletion in HREE and HFSE with negative anomaly of Ti, Nb and P in these rocks indicated active continental margin volcanic arc magmatism. Based on tectonic discrimination diagrams, also support the relation of Zoolesk area lavas with subduction zone and active continental margin. Low ratio of Dy/Yb(<2) in studied lavas, indicated spinel lherzolite mantle source for magma.
Economic Geology
Rasoul Sepehrirad; Saeed Alirezaei; Amir Morteza Azimzadeh
Abstract
The Gazestan magnetite-apatite deposit is hosted within an upper Proterozoic-lower Cambrian volcanic-sedimentary sequence, known as Rizu series, in the Bafq district, Central Iran. The Gazestan deposit occurred in intensely altered felsic-intermediate subvolcanic and volcanic host rocks. Field observations, ...
Read More
The Gazestan magnetite-apatite deposit is hosted within an upper Proterozoic-lower Cambrian volcanic-sedimentary sequence, known as Rizu series, in the Bafq district, Central Iran. The Gazestan deposit occurred in intensely altered felsic-intermediate subvolcanic and volcanic host rocks. Field observations, drill core logging, petrographic studies, as well as geochemical and XRD data are indicative of differences in alterations assemblages and temporal/spatial distribution of the alteration products, compared to other iron oxide-apatite deposits in the Bafq district. Unlike many other Bafq district iron deposits, sodic alteration is only locally developed. Similarly, Ca+Fe or actinolitic alteration is poorly developed in Gazestan. Chloritic and sericitic alterations are most closely associated with ore formation in Gazestan. Chlorite commonly associated with magnetite, quartz and calcite in the altered host rocks. The chemical composition of chlorite falls in pycnochlorite and clinochlore fields. Calculated temperature for chlorite formation varies between 324-236 ºC. Sericite occurred both as a proximal alteration in ore zones, and as a distal alteration product in the volcanic and subvolcanic host rocks. Calcic-iron alteration is poorly developed in Gazestan. Potassic alteration marked by development of K- as well as biotite is only locally developed in Gazestan. Boron metasomatism occurs as quartz-tourmaline bands and disseminated grains in altered rocks. The scarcity and local nature of sodic (albitic) and calcic-iron (actinolitic) alterations, and the widespread and proximal chlorite alteration suggest that, compared to most other iron deposits of the Bafq district, Gazestan formed at relatively lower temperatures and possibly shallower depths.
Seyed Hamid Vaziri; Mahmoud Reza Majidifard; Marc Laflamme
Abstract
The Precambrian Kushk Series in the Bafq and Behabad regions of Central Iran contains a diverse assemblage of latest Ediacaran fossils that showcase a fossil assemblage much more diverse than typically known from the latest Ediacaran systems worldwide. The Kushk Series reaches a thickness of >500 ...
Read More
The Precambrian Kushk Series in the Bafq and Behabad regions of Central Iran contains a diverse assemblage of latest Ediacaran fossils that showcase a fossil assemblage much more diverse than typically known from the latest Ediacaran systems worldwide. The Kushk Series reaches a thickness of >500 m and consists of carbonate (sandy dolomitic limestone and dolomite) and siliciclastic (shale, sandstone, and siltstone) facies with extensive accumulations of volcanic rhyolite, microdiorite, and tuff, which its argillaceous shales contain an assemblage of abundant Ediacaran fossils including Kuckaraukia multituberculata,Persimedusites chahgazensis, Corumbella werneri, Cloudinasp., Chuaria sp., Kimberella persii, Gibbavasis kushkii, Erniettomorpha, Rangeomorpha and numerous tubular organisms. The discovery of classic terminal-Ediacaran index fossils Cloudina and Corumbella in this assemblage confirms a latest Ediacaran age (Nama-Assemblage ~545-539 Ma) for these deposits. These taxa help expand our understanding of the latest Ediacaran prior to the Ediacaran extinction and the Cambrian explosion of complex animals.
H Ghasemi; Z Kazemi; SH Salehian
Abstract
On the basis of stratigraphical studies, parental rocks of the Gorgan schists have same petrological features and fossil contents as the Ghelli formation in the eastern Alborz Zone and despite to the previous theories, these schists are not Precambrian in age. Also, the mafic igneous rocks of these two ...
Read More
On the basis of stratigraphical studies, parental rocks of the Gorgan schists have same petrological features and fossil contents as the Ghelli formation in the eastern Alborz Zone and despite to the previous theories, these schists are not Precambrian in age. Also, the mafic igneous rocks of these two rock units have considerable petrological and geochemical similarities. These mafic igneous rocks include basalt, trachybasalt and basaltic trachyandesite in association with microgabroic sills, dykes and small intrusions. Investigations on, and comparison of their petrological and geochemical features, indicate similarities in age, petrology, magma sources, geochemistry and tectonic setting. It seems that the parental rock of the Gorgan schists and the rocks forming the Ghelli formation were sedimentary and igneous rocks, deposited during the initial stages of extensional movements and rifting of the Paleotethys ocean during Ordovician in the eastern Alborz. However the, parental rocks of the Gorgan schists were metamorphosed in the greenschist facies in middle-upper Triassic (early Cimmerian orogeny), due to vicinity to the oceanic trench of the Paleotethys subduction zone. Geochemical features of the igneous rocks in these two units indicate 12-16% partial melting of an enriched garnet lherzolite mantle source (such as the Oceanic Island Basalt source) for generation of the original magma in the garnet peridotite stability field at 100-110 Km depth..
M khanjani; S.R Moussavi-Harami; H Rahimpour-Bonab; M.R Kamali
Abstract
The Albian - Turonian Sarvak Formation, the second major reservoir formation in south and southwest Iran is composed of mainly carbonate rocks. In this study, the upper part of Sarvak Formation in Siri Oil Fields was studied to determine facies, depositional environments, diagenetic processes and sequence ...
Read More
The Albian - Turonian Sarvak Formation, the second major reservoir formation in south and southwest Iran is composed of mainly carbonate rocks. In this study, the upper part of Sarvak Formation in Siri Oil Fields was studied to determine facies, depositional environments, diagenetic processes and sequence stratigraphy analysis. The facies analysis led to the recognition of 12 microfacies in 5 facies associations, which deposited in a homoclinal carbonate ramp environment. The main diagenetic processes affected carbonates of this formation are bioturbation, micritization, cementation, dissolution, dolomitization, stylolitization, pyritization and fracturing. The most important cements in this formation are fine equant calcite cement, drusy mosaic calcite cement, coarse blocky calcite cement and syntaxial calcite overgrowth cement. Three third order sequences recognized in sequence stratigraphic studies for the upper part of Sarvak Formation taking into account of facies and diagenetic events in a sequence stratigraphic framework.
Economic Geology
Mostafa Esmaeili-Vardanjani; Mostafa Nazeri; Gholamreza Asgari
Abstract
Gilsonite mineralization in Shak Meydan zone as the most prone zone of Iranian gilsonite mineralization was predominantly hosted by the anidrite part of Asmari Formation (Kalhor member) and Gachsaran Formation. To find the prospect areas of gilsonite mineralization in ShakMeydan zone, the zone was divided ...
Read More
Gilsonite mineralization in Shak Meydan zone as the most prone zone of Iranian gilsonite mineralization was predominantly hosted by the anidrite part of Asmari Formation (Kalhor member) and Gachsaran Formation. To find the prospect areas of gilsonite mineralization in ShakMeydan zone, the zone was divided into three sub zones in which exploration studies were conducted. We first tried to determine lithologic units using remote sensing processing and to separate rock units using image processing technology. Next, we plotted a 3D structural modeling of the study zone in order to increase the depth precision and to determine the stratigraphic sequence and stratigraphy-structural adaptation. Finally, we detected structural controllers including faults and existing breaks in each sub zone and circular structures prone to translocate minerals. In the sequel, we assigned appropriate weights to applied information layers including geological, tectonic, mineral information and the results of remote sensing studies using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based on Knowledgeable information and field studies to synthesized the exploratory data in order to introduce the prospect areas with exploration priority.
E. Keshtkar; M. Ghorbani; J. Omrani
Abstract
In the north of Ziaran village, a Sill olivine gabbro to monzodiorite composition is injected into the Karaj tuffs. The dominate minerals composition of plutonic rock are Plagioclase, Alkali feldspar, Pyroxene, Olivine and Biotite. Plagioclase composition is varies, and it’s changed from Labradorite ...
Read More
In the north of Ziaran village, a Sill olivine gabbro to monzodiorite composition is injected into the Karaj tuffs. The dominate minerals composition of plutonic rock are Plagioclase, Alkali feldspar, Pyroxene, Olivine and Biotite. Plagioclase composition is varies, and it’s changed from Labradorite to Bytownite. Alkali feldspar is in the Orthoclase range and Pyroxene is part of Diopside. Olivine composition change from Chrysolite to Hortonolite and most of the indicators are in the Hyalosiderite range. Biotite is one of the most prominent ferromagnesian mineral in the studied bodies. Compositionally, it is plotted between the field of annite and siderophylite. Most of these biotites are primary magmatic and some are plotted in the reequilibrated area. Based on the FeO*, MgO and Al2O3 binary and ternary diagrams, the studied biotites plot in the calc-alkaline orogenic field or crystallization temperature the have been calculated between 690º to 780 ºC. The chemical composition of the pyroxenes shows that these rocks have been crystallized in a subduction geological setting. The average crystallization temperature of clinopyroxenes is about 1215 °C. Furthermore, the calculated pressure for clinopyroxenes is less than 9 Kbars.
Stratigraphy and Palaeontology
Fateme Mahdikhani; Mahmoud Reza Majidifard; T. Mohtat; L. Bakhshande; M. Zamanipedram
Abstract
In order to study the biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the K/Pg boundary two sections was considered. They are the Kuh-e Zaluband and Kuh-e Hunu sections in east of Khur (Esfehan Province). At the Kuh-e Zaluband section has a maximum thickness of 100 m, consisting of marl, limestone, sandy limestone, ...
Read More
In order to study the biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the K/Pg boundary two sections was considered. They are the Kuh-e Zaluband and Kuh-e Hunu sections in east of Khur (Esfehan Province). At the Kuh-e Zaluband section has a maximum thickness of 100 m, consisting of marl, limestone, sandy limestone, sandstone and conglomerate and in the Kuh-e Hunu consisting of marl, limestone and sandy limestone. The lower part of the sections belonging to Farrokhi formation and upper part to Chupanan formation. Based of biostratigraphy at the study sections, summing up 88 thin sections were collected, among which the foraminifera with 17 specimens clearly predominate and belonging to 31 genera. Based on the foraminifera the age of the upper part of Farrokhi formation in the investigated area ranges Late Maastrichtian and Late Paleocene for lower part of Chupanan formation. Based on the paleontology, lithology and facies, there is disconformity in Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in Kuh-e Zaluband and paraconformity in Kuh-e Hunu.
Tectonics
Ali Taghavy; Mahdi Najafi; Najmeh Etemad-Saeed; Mohammad Seddigh
Abstract
A synthesis of 2-D seismic interpretation, exploration well data and field survey permit us to decipher the structural evolution history in the front of Fars paleo-high area, located in SE Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. In the current study, a structural evolution model is proposed for the region, according ...
Read More
A synthesis of 2-D seismic interpretation, exploration well data and field survey permit us to decipher the structural evolution history in the front of Fars paleo-high area, located in SE Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. In the current study, a structural evolution model is proposed for the region, according to a sequential restoration, which was performed based on the growth stratal unit’s pattern, together with constant length and area assumptions. The result of the sequential restoration indicated that in the late Eocene time, Tanbak anticline incepted on the hangingwall of the inverted mountain front basement fault, as an out of sequence forced fold. Although, thin-skinned detachment folding initiated in the lower Miocene, shortening and amplification of anticlines did not accelarated until the late Miocene time, when thrust faults formed on the limb of growing anticlines while Dashtak middle detachment thickened in the fold crestal areas, likely due to an intensified regional shortening.
S Kianpouryan; M Farahmandian; M Karimi; A Bahroudi
Abstract
Considering the existence of many copper deposits in Iran and the importance of their exploration, mineral potential mapping with high accuracy is an important tool. The process of mineral potential mapping is a cumbersome process which can be performed using different methods. The Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy ...
Read More
Considering the existence of many copper deposits in Iran and the importance of their exploration, mineral potential mapping with high accuracy is an important tool. The process of mineral potential mapping is a cumbersome process which can be performed using different methods. The Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy approach is one of the powerful ones for mineral potential mapping in which both conceptual and empirical components of earth science information are employed, so using both components simultaneously increase the confidence interval. In this paper we were used Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for mineral potential mapping in Chahar-Gonbad area 1:100000 sheet, Kerman province. The database consists of geology, geochemistry, airborne radiometric, regional faults, ETM+ data, and 22 deposit and occurrence locations. At first, the factor maps were provided in GIS environment in which each cell in the grid data represents a 100 m square on the ground, and then the outputs of this layer were used for training the network. As this technique requires some data for training the network, the occurrence locations were used for training and checking points. Since, the training points were not enough for this procedure, we assigned buffer from 100 to 1000 m for occurrence locations. The results showed that when the buffer is 500 m, the best classification which ANFIS identify about 80% of the known deposits and occurrence locations in high favorability zones.
Z. Alishavandi; H. Rahimpour-Bonab; A. Kadkhodaei; M. Arian
Abstract
The Sarvak Formation deposited in the North to Northeastern margin of the Arabian Platform during the Mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Turonian), and is extensively encountered in the Folded Zagros of southwestern Iran. It is the most important reservoir unit after Asmari Formation in Iran. Petrography of microscopic ...
Read More
The Sarvak Formation deposited in the North to Northeastern margin of the Arabian Platform during the Mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Turonian), and is extensively encountered in the Folded Zagros of southwestern Iran. It is the most important reservoir unit after Asmari Formation in Iran. Petrography of microscopic thin sections in studied wells led to determination of nine microfacies that deposited in 3 sub-environments; restricted lagoon, lagoon-open marine and shoal in an interior part of carbonate ramp. Petrographic studies revealed that since deposition, the Sarvak Formation experienced several diagenetic realms including marine, meteoric, burial and telogenetic diagenetic environments. Location of the studied wells shows that the relative depth of the Sarvak Formation ramp decreases from the east to the west. Also, the results show that the Sarvak reservoir quality affected by various diagenetic processes such as micritization, dissolution, dolomitization, cementation, stilolitization and fracturing. These diagenetic successions are mainly restricted to the upper and lower parts of the Cenomanian-Turonian disconformity. Meteoric water infiltration below this disconform boundary and related karstification led to development of moldic and vuggy porosity a long with reservoir quality increase. Based on the sequence stratigraphic study, three third-order sequences were recognized in the middle Cenomanian to middle Turonian part of the formation. The results of this research show that the reservoir quality distribution in this unit is primarily controlled by depositional facies so that the rudist microfacies (grainstone, floatstones and rudstones) have the best primary reservoir qualities though, it has also been drastically improved by dissolution in paleoexposure surface
B Saberzadeh; K Rashidi; M Vahidinia
Abstract
This paper describes systematic of the foraminifera from Howz-e Khan Member of Nayband Formation in 25km south of the type locality which are exposed in northwest of the Dig-e Rostam area about 300km north of Kerman city and is composed of medium to thick bedded fine-grained limestones containing sponges, ...
Read More
This paper describes systematic of the foraminifera from Howz-e Khan Member of Nayband Formation in 25km south of the type locality which are exposed in northwest of the Dig-e Rostam area about 300km north of Kerman city and is composed of medium to thick bedded fine-grained limestones containing sponges, dasycladales algae, bivalves, corals and partly abundant upper Triassic foraminifera ofNorian-Rhaetian ages which are mainly of aulotortid types. The following foraminifera taxa are described: Auloconuspermodiscoides, Aulotortus friedli, Aulotortus tenuis, Aulotortus tumidus, Aulotortus sinuosus, Duotaxis birmanica, Tetrataxis inflata, Agathammina austroalpina, Miliolipora cuvillieri, Planiinvoluta sp., Ophthalmidium leischneri, Ophthalmidium exiguum, Glomospirella sp., Trochammina alpina, Diplotremina astrofimbriata, Diplotremina subangulata, Duostomina sp., Nodosaria sp1., Nodosaria sp2., Pseudonodosaria sp., Austrocolomia sp., Sigmoilina schaeferae, Reophax tauricus. In this paper relation of foraminifera with reefs and carbonate layerthat are generally typical of low energy, bay or lagoon-type, on shallow carbonate ramps and reef facieshas been studied.
E. Keshtkar
Abstract
The Intrusive bodies of the Karaj-Taleghan Axis, situated in the Central Alborz zone have lithological compositions including gabbro, monzogabbro, monzodiorite, monzonite andfelsic dikes of alkali feldspar syenite to syenite. Furthermore, they are accompanied by pyroclastic rocks of the Karaj formation, ...
Read More
The Intrusive bodies of the Karaj-Taleghan Axis, situated in the Central Alborz zone have lithological compositions including gabbro, monzogabbro, monzodiorite, monzonite andfelsic dikes of alkali feldspar syenite to syenite. Furthermore, they are accompanied by pyroclastic rocks of the Karaj formation, for which Oligocene age is considered. Geological surveys, mineralogical and geochemical studies indicated that the parental magma of this complex had shoshonitic and meta-aluminous nature. Petrological evidence show that fractional crystallization from gabbro to monzonite had main role in genesis of these rocks. Enrichment in LILE) Ba, Rb and Th(and depletion in HFSE (Nb and Ti) in Rare Earth Elements distribution patterns of spider diagrams, indicate an subduction-related environment for formation of these rocks. Also they are enriched in LREE rather than HREE, the characteristics which are usually observed in the rocks from subduction environments and active continental margins. Chemical and petrological studies indicate a common source for these igneous rocks and the main role of fractional crystallization in the evolution of magma, although, minor amounts of assimilation and contamination of magma by crustal rocks occurred. The alkaline magma formed by low degree partial melting of an enriched sub-continental lithospheric garnet-lherzolite mantle. Contribution of both the lithospheric and asthenospheric mantles in petrogenesis of the Karaj-Taleghan basic rocks might be attributed to a tensional geodynamic setting with change in subduction dip in the form of roll back, dominated at the final stage of the subduction of Neotethyan plate beneath Iran in upper Oligocene (Chattian).
M.R Hosseinzadeh; M Moayyed; S Maghfouri; S Alipour; B Hajalilou
Abstract
The study area is located in Arasbaran Metallogenic Zone. The rocks of the Baloojeh region includes of Oligo-Miocene quartz-diorite porphyry, gabbro-diorite, quartz-monzonite and granodiorite. The quartz diorite is the main host rock of porphyry type Cu-Mo mineralization in the Baloojeh deposit, but ...
Read More
The study area is located in Arasbaran Metallogenic Zone. The rocks of the Baloojeh region includes of Oligo-Miocene quartz-diorite porphyry, gabbro-diorite, quartz-monzonite and granodiorite. The quartz diorite is the main host rock of porphyry type Cu-Mo mineralization in the Baloojeh deposit, but also in the other intrusive porphyries, copper mineralization can be seen. Much of the mineralization in the Baloojeh deposit is dispersive and vein- veinlet type. Based on the structure, mineralogy and texture, the Baloojeh vein- veinlets can be divided into four different groups. These veins - veinlets contains sulfide (pyrite, molybdenite, chalcopyrite, boehrnite, galena, and sphalerite), hydroxide and oxide (magnetite, hematite and goethite) and carbonate (malachite and azurite) minerals. Similar to other Cu- Mo porphyry deposits, the Baloojeh deposit contains of potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic alterations. The parent magma of intrusives has calk-alkaline to shoshonitic character that implaced in a post-collisional magmatic arc. The fluid inclusion study has been done on the different groups of veinlets. These studies suggest high temperature (221- 381 C°) and high salinity (5- 45 % NaCl) hydrothermal fluid and the occurrence of boiling phenomena in the ore- forming hydrothermal fluids of the Bloojeh deposit.
M Poosti; R Mohammadi Poortaziyani; H Hajhasani; S.M Mortazavi Ravari
Abstract
The LerdGarm peridotite complex is one of the ultramafic complexes in south-east Iran . This complex is composed mainly of harzburgite dunite, lherzolite, and secondary listvenite and magnesite. The detailed electron microprobe study revealed very high Cr # (39.9-64.0), Mg # (51.2-65.63) and very low ...
Read More
The LerdGarm peridotite complex is one of the ultramafic complexes in south-east Iran . This complex is composed mainly of harzburgite dunite, lherzolite, and secondary listvenite and magnesite. The detailed electron microprobe study revealed very high Cr # (39.9-64.0), Mg # (51.2-65.63) and very low TiO2 content (averaging 0.05 wt %) for chromian spinels in peridotites. The Fe3+# is very low (C± 60 at a pressure of 26 Kbar. Tectonic environment discrimination diagrams for dunites show a suprasubduction environment of the arc setting and for the harzburgite and lherzolites show abyssal environment.
H. Moradi; H. Mohseni; M. Moeini; R. Behbahani
Abstract
Sediment transport occurs through various processes, whereby their origin is of great importance. Surface sediments of the Semnan province and NE Isfahan province (Khour and Biabanak) were sampled to examine the possibility of transportation by wind. Hence, 43 samples collected from surficial sediments ...
Read More
Sediment transport occurs through various processes, whereby their origin is of great importance. Surface sediments of the Semnan province and NE Isfahan province (Khour and Biabanak) were sampled to examine the possibility of transportation by wind. Hence, 43 samples collected from surficial sediments of the Semnan and Isfahan provinces were analyzed using ICP method in the geochemistry lab of the Geological Survey of Iran. After testing outlier data were excluded from any further processing. To ensure confidence of any possible relation between elements, multiple statistical approach including principal component analysis (Pearson correlation), correlation analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis and varimax boxes were applied. The results show that the elements including Zn, V, Ti, Sn, Sc, P, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Ba, represent reasonable correlation for samples of the Semnan province. Coeval existing of Co, Mn and Ni may reflect their geogenic source, particularly from intermediate to basic volcanic rocks exposed around the area. In Khour and Biabanak area, V, Ti, Sn, Sc, Pb, P, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Zn are closely related, which probably points to their origin from altered ultramafic rocks of the Proterozoic-early Paleozoic exposed around the area. There are positive factors in levels 1, 3 and 4 may be affected by various geological formations exposed around the studied areas. However, combined role of human or agricultural activity are more plausible for level 3 in factor analysis.
Stratigraphy and Palaeontology
Tayebe Sarbandi Farahani; Mehdi Yazdi; Mahmoud Reza Majidifard
Abstract
This paper focused on the systematic of the benthic foraminifera from the Chaman Bid and Goznawwi sections. At the type locality of the Chaman Bid Formation, consists of alternation of limestone (grainstone to wackstone), argilasious limestone and marl. The age of tha Chaman Bid Formation based on ammonite ...
Read More
This paper focused on the systematic of the benthic foraminifera from the Chaman Bid and Goznawwi sections. At the type locality of the Chaman Bid Formation, consists of alternation of limestone (grainstone to wackstone), argilasious limestone and marl. The age of tha Chaman Bid Formation based on ammonite fauna range from ?Bathonian to late Tithonian. and the age. Near the Azadshar, the Farsian Formation is exposed and consists of fossilferous the soft marl, sandstone, limestone and silt which based on ammonite, age of this sediment considered as Callovian. Two studied sections are bearing well - preserved foraminifera which most belong to Lagenina (most belong to Nodosaridae and Vaginolinidae families) and Rotalina (Epistominidae); total 23 genus and 39 species from Goznawwi and 10 genus and 16 species from Chaman Bid sections. The 28 species of the benthic isolated foraminiferal assemblages are first recorded from Iran. In additional, based on this study, Iranian assemblage of foraminifers at this time are most similar to those of the North of the tetyan releam.
S. Esmailnezhad; N. Taghipour; A. A. Hassannezhad
Abstract
The Nukeh iron deposit is situated at the north of Semnan and at south of Central Alborz structural zone. Volcano-pyroclastic rocks with Eocene age are the host of this deposit. Iron mineralization occurs as massive, disseminated, vein and breccia types in the Nukeh deposit and magnetite, hematite, pyrite, ...
Read More
The Nukeh iron deposit is situated at the north of Semnan and at south of Central Alborz structural zone. Volcano-pyroclastic rocks with Eocene age are the host of this deposit. Iron mineralization occurs as massive, disseminated, vein and breccia types in the Nukeh deposit and magnetite, hematite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, garnet, epidote, quartz and calcite are the main minerals in this deposit. Fluid inclusions and stable isotopes (O, C, S) have been used to reveal the physico-chemical characteristics of hydrothermal fluids and genesis of the Nukeh Fe deposit. Seven types of fluid inclusions are identified in quartz, according to the phase numbers, which include, liquid inclusions (L), liquid-rich inclusions (L+V), vapor-rich inclusions (V+L), vapor inclusions (V), simple brine inclusions (L+V+S), halite-bearing liquid inclusions (L+S) and opaque-bearing liquid-rich inclusions (L+V+O). The ranges of homogenization temperature and salinity of liquid-rich fluid inclusions in quartz are 100-200˚C and 10-20 wt. % NaCl equivalent, respectively, whereas the ranges of homogenization temperature and salinity of vapor-rich fluid inclusions are 350-500˚C and 10-30 wt. % NaCl equivalent, respectively. Also homogenization temperature and salinities of liquid-rich fluid inclusions in calcite in garnet (type a) and magnetite (type b) zones is 75-125 ˚C but the salinity of fluid inclusions in calcite in garnet zone (15-25 wt. % NaCl) is more than salinity of these inclusions in magnetite zone (10-20 wt. % NaCl). δ13C and δ18O values of calcite (n=15) vary between -1.9 to +0.1 ‰ (VPDB) and -19.4 to -14.9‰ (SMOW), respectively. The average value of δ18OWater is of +17.85‰ (SMOW) in the Nukeh Fe deposit is different from the values for the primary magmatic fluid. Pyrite is the main sulfide mineral in the Nukeh Fe deposit and δ34S values of pyrite (n=9) is within the range of +3.9 to +5.4 ‰ CDT . The source of sulfur is considered to be magmatic on this basis. Fluid inclusions and stable isotopic (O, C, S) data suggest that the ore-forming fluids evolved by the various mixtures of magmatic brines and meteoric water and probably the genesis of the Nukeh Fe deposit is similar to skarn deposits.
H Hajialibeigi
Abstract
The E-W trending deep-seated Balarud fault zone is formed the part of Mountain Front Fault in north of Andimeshk. This strucutre has been separated the Lurestan zone (in North) from the Dezful Embayment (in South) that has operated as a faulted zone. Several subsurfaial and surface anticlines are affected ...
Read More
The E-W trending deep-seated Balarud fault zone is formed the part of Mountain Front Fault in north of Andimeshk. This strucutre has been separated the Lurestan zone (in North) from the Dezful Embayment (in South) that has operated as a faulted zone. Several subsurfaial and surface anticlines are affected by this fault zone. In this paper for some of these anticlines have been drawn the cross-sections that based on well data, interpreted seismic profiles and field observations. The geometrical characteristics of these anticlines analyzed from cross-sections. The achievement of these analyses is used for distinguishing the tectonics and the deformational pattern in the Balarud fault zone. These anticlines formed by following mechanism: detachment folding, fault-propagation folding and fault-bend folding. The change of the deformational style and type of these anticlines are related to present and absence of the intermedate detachment horizons and also contorted by influence of this fault zone. These anticlines that have less 100 km lengths are En echelon arrayeh, asymmetric, disharmonic, noncylindrical, convolute folds with SW vergence and helicoidally axial surfaces. The Lurestan zone is more folded than the Dezful Embayment zone. The Balarud fault zone is a sinistral simple shear zone due to influence of strike-slip fault with E-W trending in basement. It seams the strike-slip movement sinisteral component of deap-seated fault is provided a helicoidally geometry in the study area. Different mechanism of fault-related folds of these anticlines and the results of the demonstration of the style of layer folded confirm the helicoidally geometry. Direction of fault is generally due to North and gradually become vertical to subvertical in adjacent to basement. The Balarud fault zone is an oblique footwall-ramp system with oblique convergence and the Kazerun fault zone is also another member of this system. The sinistral and dextral movements respectively, have been caused by a part of the promontory of Arabian plate between these fault zones. A transition zone is formed that the structural geology process and tectonics mechanism in duration of this ramp are different. The Balarud fault zone is not continuous, and has been displaced by many strike-slip basement involved faults. A NW-SE basement fault (α fault) as a tear fault cuts the sheet of the Balarud fault parallel to the Kabir Kuh anticline.
Geophysics
Reza Ghanati; Zahra Tafaghod Khabaz
Abstract
Inversion modeling of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data is formulated as a nonlinear problem and solved using multiple depth layers of fixed boundary and a few depth layers of the variable boundary. The model parameters in Smooth inversion are only the resistivity values. However, in the block ...
Read More
Inversion modeling of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data is formulated as a nonlinear problem and solved using multiple depth layers of fixed boundary and a few depth layers of the variable boundary. The model parameters in Smooth inversion are only the resistivity values. However, in the block inversion, the thickness of each layer is also added to the model parameters. Due to the non-linearity of the inverse problem, the determination of an appropriate initial model is very significant. A technique has been adopted to estimate a proper starting model for the block inversion strategy. Thus, from the solution of the smooth inversion, the second derivative of cumulative resistivity is calculated, then using the difference of turning points, the initial values of the model parameters are determined. The proposed algorithms are first tested on data derived from two artificial models and then implemented on two real data sets. The numerical experiments demonstrate that the smooth inversion of the geo-electrical sounding data due to less dependency on the initial model confronts fewer challenges proportional to the block inversion strategy. However, in the case of block inversion, an appropriate choice of the initial model makes it possible to determine the boundaries of the layers with more certainty.
S Alimardan; Sh Solaymani Azad; M Ghorashi; M.R Ghorashi; B Oveisi; A Hatami
Abstract
Due to urban population growth in recent decades and the need for decentralization of cities with limited facilities and increasing marginalization in the larger cities, construction of new cities around large towns has been considered by decision makers to develop a plan to create new cities around ...
Read More
Due to urban population growth in recent decades and the need for decentralization of cities with limited facilities and increasing marginalization in the larger cities, construction of new cities around large towns has been considered by decision makers to develop a plan to create new cities around these towns. One of the most important parameters for the construction of new population centers is seismotectonic studies. Hashtgerd New Town in southern slopes of the Alborz (located 65 km northwest of Tehran) is located on the uplifted deposits of the Plio-Quaternary. Vertical tectonic movements in the range caused the height difference of about 300 m between Hashtgerd and its southern plain elevations. Due to the emplacement of the city on the uplifted Plio-Quaternary deposits, and the lack of information about the causative active fault in this region, an attempt has been made to investigate the morphotectonic characteristics of the area on the basis of survey satellite image, aerial photo, digital elevation model, and field observations. In the present study, an active fault zones with NW-SE trends has been identified with oblique-slip movements (compression with left-lateral strike-slip component). The N-NE stress direction, in regards to the abovementioned trend is oblique, and hence, the result could be a transpressional regime for the area. Recognition of mentioned active faults is very important for earthquake hazard assessment studies for the new town.
B Soleimani; G Saedi; A Charchi; E Salarvand
Abstract
Natural fractures analysis as a main controlling factor in fluid currents is very important in the reservoir characterization. This matter was studied using thin sections, cores, and FMI and velocity deviation logs in one of the fields in the southwestern of Iran. FMI initial data, which were input to ...
Read More
Natural fractures analysis as a main controlling factor in fluid currents is very important in the reservoir characterization. This matter was studied using thin sections, cores, and FMI and velocity deviation logs in one of the fields in the southwestern of Iran. FMI initial data, which were input to Geoframe software, processed and interpreted. Velocity deviation logs and secondary porosity were also measured and compared. The results indicated that stylolites, pores, open and filled microfractures in the reservoir are present. The relative density of open fractures decreased to depth while filled fractures increased. The fractures are mainly longitudinal and latitudinal types with high angles to bedding surface. The main porosity system of the reservoir is inter particle and fractures types. According to the presence of oil staining in thin sections, it is revealed that the fractures are suitable conduits to transferring the fluid.
N. A. Rashidnejad Omran; A. A. Fattahi; F. Masoudi
Abstract
The late Eocene post-collisional Khoshoumi- Dar-Anjir intrusive complex consist of two adjacent Khoshoumi granite and Dar Anjir diorite plutons in Saghand area, located in 120 km northeast of Yazd in Central Iran structural zone. This complex intruded within high-grade metamorphic rocks of Chapedony ...
Read More
The late Eocene post-collisional Khoshoumi- Dar-Anjir intrusive complex consist of two adjacent Khoshoumi granite and Dar Anjir diorite plutons in Saghand area, located in 120 km northeast of Yazd in Central Iran structural zone. This complex intruded within high-grade metamorphic rocks of Chapedony Complex. Syenogranite, monzogranite, granodiorite, tonalite and quartzdiorite constitiue its lithologies. Aplitic and micromonzonitic to microdioritic dikes crosscutting the entire body. Hybrid rocks and mafic microgranular enclaves with various shapes and sizes are widely seen in this complex. Geochemical investigations show that these rocks are metaluminous to moderately peraluminous, magnesian and high- K calc- alkaline I- and A-type granitoids. Chonderite- normalized REE patterns of both plutons and related dikes display intra-elemental fractionation (2.72 >(La/Yb)N >41.64) and concentration of LREE and Eu negative anomalies (ave Eu/Eu*= 0.63). Trace elements behavior represent depletion in Nb, Ti, P and enrichment in K, Rb, Ba and Th that could be assigned to mafic magma contamination by crustal materials. Their tectonic setting match with Volcanic Arc Granites (VAG) and Within Plate Granites (WPG). Petrographical, geological and tectonomagmatic characteristics of this intrusive complex are very similar to high- K calc- alkaline granites (KGC) and like most of them, fractional crystallization and mafic – felsic magma mixing play significant role in its evolution and petrogenesis.
M.A Alimi; M.M Khatib; KH Hessami Azar; M.R Hayhat
Abstract
An array of en-echelon strike-slip faults in eastern Iran results in the formation of releasing and restraining bends or stepovers, within which some faults are hidden in the extensional and contractional parts of the structures. This is investigated in the East Neh-Esmaeilabad left-stepping restraining ...
Read More
An array of en-echelon strike-slip faults in eastern Iran results in the formation of releasing and restraining bends or stepovers, within which some faults are hidden in the extensional and contractional parts of the structures. This is investigated in the East Neh-Esmaeilabad left-stepping restraining stepover. Transpressional deformation in the transverse structure associated with the stepover is expressed as folding and uplifting in the Late Neogene, Quaternary and recent deposits, revealing the Shusf fault as a hidden and blind thrust. Processing of magnetic anomaly maps shows the existence of the Shusf magnetic lineament, which consistently well correlates with the Shusf fault and its hidden segments. Also the hidden part of the fault was investigated by the differential GPS profiles constructed perpendicular to the trend of the Shusf fault scarp. In this study, we used surface morphology surveys, fan median method and satellite images to calculate the cumulative horizontal and vertical offsets related to the Late Quaternary active tectonics along the Shusf fault, measuring mean values of 92 and 4.25 m, respectively. Analysis of the velocity vector recorded in the Nehbandan geodynamic station across the Shusf fault indicates the present-day evolution of the stepover expressed as uplift and left-lateral displacement.
