Remote Sensing
N. Namazi; M. R. Jafari; A. R. Jafari Rad; A. Khakzad
Volume 29, Issue 113 , November 2019, , Pages 221-228
Abstract
The study area (Pasghaleh) is located North of Tehran and is part of the Central Alborz Mountain Range. Pasghaleh deposit between coordinates 51º 25´15 ̎ up to 51º 25´ 54̎ Eastern longitude and 35º 49´42 ̎ up to 35º 50´15 ̎ Northern latitude in North ...
Read More
The study area (Pasghaleh) is located North of Tehran and is part of the Central Alborz Mountain Range. Pasghaleh deposit between coordinates 51º 25´15 ̎ up to 51º 25´ 54̎ Eastern longitude and 35º 49´42 ̎ up to 35º 50´15 ̎ Northern latitude in North of Tehran, in the geological sheet with a scale of 1:100000 Tehran and is located East of the Pasghaleh village. Intrusive bodies in this area with age after the Eocene in penetrating Eocene volcanic and pyroclastic units and have altered these units. For mapping minerals and explore the alteration patterns together with Polymetal mineralization in the metallogenic zone Pasghaleh, for sine satellite ASTER and ETM spectral processing and interpretation. According to remote sensing data, it leads to the appearance of Kaolinite and Montmorillonite minerals (Argillic alteration index), Chlorite, Epidote and Calcite (Propylitic alteration index), Muscovite (Sericite alteration index) and Gossan in the range studied. Major mineralization in the region in acid Tuffs altered and scattered. The lithology of this region including pyroclastic rocks of Karaj Formation with Eocene age. Sulfuric minerals observed Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, Sphalerite and Galena. In the whole region Pyrite expands but Lead mineralization, Zinc, Copper, Gold and Silver which process is parallel to the general layering of classes Tuff Silica altered- Feldspathic- Pyrite slightly observed. Pyrite form syngenetic among the Tuffs.Tuffs in formation stage and in the stage of diagenesis, the alteration process Sericitic, Kaolinite and or Chlorite have tolerated. In terms of construction, altered zone mineralize Pasghaleh as a lens and layers plate form between rock units Dacite, Rhyodacite are formed. Based on the study of remote sensing data, presence of alterations Sericite, Argillic and Propylitic (the presence of Chlorite and Epidote) proven in the region, consequently by putting together these alterations to one another, it can be attributed to the alteration pattern of Kuroko Massive sulfide deposits.
S. Yousefifar; A. Khakzad; H. Asadi Harooni; M. R. Jafari; M. Vosoughi Abedin
Abstract
Dali porphyry copper-gold deposit is situated geologically incontact of the Urmieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt and the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone in central of Iran and for the first time this deposit was investigated with using the satellite image processing (TM). In this research, the Northern part of the Dali ...
Read More
Dali porphyry copper-gold deposit is situated geologically incontact of the Urmieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt and the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone in central of Iran and for the first time this deposit was investigated with using the satellite image processing (TM). In this research, the Northern part of the Dali deposit has been investigated in order to recognize the potential copper and gold-bearing target areas. The survey layers include the lithologic units, alteration, geophysical and geochemical results, tectonics, and copper mineralization. As a accurate decision can have a considerable effect on exploration plans, so in this research efforts have been made to make use of new combination methods including index overlay method, fuzzy logic method, and the analytical hierarchy process. These three methods support and complement each other and have revealed highly potential copper and gold mineralization areas. Among these methods, Analytical hierarchy process is the best method for combining the exploration data in this area. The investigations (for instance field evidences of outcrops, mineralization and also sampling of 7 trenches) carried out in the study area confirm this matter. Based on achieved results, geological perspective in central of studied area is appropriate for continuing mining exploration, especially for subsurface exploration in future.
A. Khakzad; A. Khakzad; H. Asadi; M. H. Emami
Abstract
Kahang exploration area located in Esfahan state and 10 Km of the east of Zefreh town that is located on Uromieh-Dokhtar volcanoplotonic belt. Primary results showed that it has good potential for resources of Copper (Cu) and Molybdenum (Mo). Kahang region is an alteration and breccia zone. Generally, ...
Read More
Kahang exploration area located in Esfahan state and 10 Km of the east of Zefreh town that is located on Uromieh-Dokhtar volcanoplotonic belt. Primary results showed that it has good potential for resources of Copper (Cu) and Molybdenum (Mo). Kahang region is an alteration and breccia zone. Generally, more than %90 of rocks of this region has been affected by hydrothermal fluids.The occurrence of altration zones and Iron Oxides were confirmed by Satellite images processing. Faults and linear features were recognized using Satellite images (ETM) processing and PCA method. 320 litho geochemical samples of the area have been collected. They were chemically analyzed For geochemical survey . For the reason of irregular distribution of the elements in haloes related to porphyric massives , the normal data are used for study of distribution pattern of indicator elements and drawing maps . Also , the degree of correlation between elements are calculated using some statistic methods such as spearman and pearson and cluster analysis .Based on factor analysis method is distinguished that principal elements of the area are affected by 4 factors. In the next stage , geochemical maps of unielement of soil and rock samples are drawed for study of pattern of zonation of elements . Based on threshold limit method , the anomalous areas and pattern of zonation of elements are distinguished. Also, for separating and identifying the important anomalies, the P.N. method was used. For investigation of geochemical behaviors of Cu and Mo, anomalous maps of 10 elements were drawn which are Cu, Mo, Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Mn and Ba. Consequently, it was found that in central part of Quartzmonzonites and Diorites areas the most concentration of Cu and Mo have been occurred, whereas in the margin of the andesitic rocks areas there is the most concentration of supergeous ores such as Pb, Zn and Ag.
To get better results and also to select the proper points for drilling, the composites haloes method was used and on the base of standard normalized data, the map of composite haloes of supergene and hypogen ores were drawn. The Solovof method was used for evaluation of erosion surface in ore area. The results show that the ore is located in subsurface and has not been destroyed by erosion.
P. Navi; M. Yazdi; R. Esmailpur; A. Khakzad
Abstract
Lavij coal deposit is situated at a distance of 48 km SW of Amol, in Central Alborz coalfield, North of Iran. Lavij coal-bearing strata in Central Alborz zone are within the Upper Triassic– Lower Jurassic formation. The coal-bearing sediments in this area are called Shemshak Formation ...
Read More
Lavij coal deposit is situated at a distance of 48 km SW of Amol, in Central Alborz coalfield, North of Iran. Lavij coal-bearing strata in Central Alborz zone are within the Upper Triassic– Lower Jurassic formation. The coal-bearing sediments in this area are called Shemshak Formation (Upper Triassic –Lower Jurassic). This Formation consists mainly of sandstone, shale, calcareous sandstone, argillite and siltstone. Several coal seams with different thickness are interbeded with these sediments. The Shemshak Formation is underlain by the Upper Middle Triassic (thick bedded to massive dolomitic limestone) oolitic limestone (Elika Formation). It is also overlain in western section by the Upper Permian cherty limestone (Nesen Formation). The present paper deals with maceral, mineral and geochemical composition of these coals. Petrographical studies showed that the main macerals of these coals are vitrinite to semivitrinite, fusinite and exinite. The minerals of these coals are mainly clays like argillite, carbonates like calcite and sulphides like pyrite.
Seven samples were analyzed from ash of coal seam in the Lavij area. The samples were analyzed by XRF and ICP-OES for major and minor elements. The data processing showed K, Si, Al, Ti indicating presence of quartz and clay minerals, Fe, As, Mo, Se, Pb indicating presence of sulphides like pyrite, Ca and Mg indicating the presence of carbonates and Rb, Cr, Th, Ga, Ta, Nb, V indicating presence of clay minerals. The coal contained in low ash (17%) and low moisture (1.4%) and high volatile matter (32%) as compared to other coals in central Alborz.
E. Tale Fazel; B. Mehrabi; A. Khakzad; R. Kianpour
Abstract
Sangan iron ore deposit is located in 308 km southeast of Mashhad and eastern structural zone of Iran. Due to the high grade, low P-content and high reserve, Sangan is regarded as one of the major iron ore deposits in Iran. The important anomalies in Sangan consist of east, central and west anomalies ...
Read More
Sangan iron ore deposit is located in 308 km southeast of Mashhad and eastern structural zone of Iran. Due to the high grade, low P-content and high reserve, Sangan is regarded as one of the major iron ore deposits in Iran. The important anomalies in Sangan consist of east, central and west anomalies that Dardvey deposit is a typical magnetite-rich skarn developed along the contact of Sarnowsar I-type granite Oligo-Miocene age with high magnesium carbonate of Upper Cretaceous, formed in central anomaly. Dardvey deposit comprises of exoskarn, endoskarn and ore zones. The endoskarn zone is limited while exoskarn is extensive zone and includes sub-zones of garnet skarn, garnet-pyroxene skarn and pyroxene skarn in intrusive body side and epidote skarn beyond the intrusive body. Field evidence, mineralogical and microthermometry studies show three zones including; 1) intrusion of granitoid bodies in ranges of 320 to 520°C and 1kb pressure, 2) skarn mineralization zone consists of prograde stage are developed within the temperature ranges from 310 to 490°C in average salinity of 33.6 (wt.% NaCl), in association with metasomatic mineralization during a retrograde stage, developed within temperature ranges from 190 to 310°C in average fluid salinity of 13.6 (wt.% NaCl) accompanied by magnetite ore and massive pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. The late mechanism, including quartz vein-type mineralization and barren veins occurrence, comprises of subhedral to anhedral pyrite, chalcopyrite and phologopite bearing veins that occurred in two substages from 360 to 440°C temperature and average salinity of 33.4 (wt.% NaCl) and from 235 to 320°C temperature and average salinity of 14.6 (wt.% NaCl) in the skarn zone and intrusive body. According to studies, it may be fluid mixing and ore fluid dilution mechanisms by implications of low-temperature and salinity meteoric water and also, chemical composition changes of ore fluid due to water-rock interaction was the possible mechanism for ore-metal deposition of magnetite in the skarn zones and formation of sulfide ore minerals in the hydrothermal quartz vein and veinlets in late stage of mineralization in the area.
P. Afzal; A. Khakzad; P. Moarefvand; N. Rashid Nezhad Omran; Y. Fadakar Alghalandis
Abstract
Determination of different zones in porphyry deposits is on of important goals in their exploration because this operation especially determination supergene zone is important for economical study in these deposits. Traditional methods based on alterations and mineralogical studies are not proper in ...
Read More
Determination of different zones in porphyry deposits is on of important goals in their exploration because this operation especially determination supergene zone is important for economical study in these deposits. Traditional methods based on alterations and mineralogical studies are not proper in many cases because these methods are based on petrogaraphical and mineralographical studies, only. Later methods were introduced basis fluid inclusions and isotopes are indirect methods and applied for alterations separation. Fractal methods are applicable in surface geological and geochemical studies for many reasons such as using all data, according to spatial distribution and anomalies geometrical shapes. In this research, concentration-volume method entitled new fractal method is introduced for separation of supergene, hypogene, oxidant and host rock based on major element grade in porphyry deposits. Mathematical base of this method by using of power-law function and partition function for fractal and multifractal modeling, concentration-volume is used for zones separation in Chah-Firuzeh Cu porphyry deposit in Shahrbabak in Kerman province. First, Cu distribution in this deposit was evaluated by geostatistical methods and concentration-volume logarithmic diagram that break points show grade boundaries of different zones and boundary between mineralization and host rock. Also, alteration, mineralogical and zonation models were constructed based on geological observation and compared by results from concentration-volume fractal method. Separated zones by this fractal method are smaller and near to fact and correlated by geological models. Usage of grade parameter that is most important direct and quality parameter constructed reality results.
N. Khanmohammadi; A. Khakzad; J. Izadyar
Abstract
Zaker iron deposit is located in the northeast of Zanjan city and is a part of Tarom volcano – plutonic belt in Azarbaijan – West alborze structural zone. The main rocks of the area consist of folded volcanic - volcanoclastic rocks including breccia tuff, lapilli-tuff and andezitic – ...
Read More
Zaker iron deposit is located in the northeast of Zanjan city and is a part of Tarom volcano – plutonic belt in Azarbaijan – West alborze structural zone. The main rocks of the area consist of folded volcanic - volcanoclastic rocks including breccia tuff, lapilli-tuff and andezitic – basaltic lava of Amand member of Karaj formation with Eocene age that folded. Plutonic rocks with probably Oligocene age with various lithology changing from quartzmonzodiorite, quartzmonzonite to quartzsyenite with NW-SE trend were intruded into the volcanic – volcanoclastic rocks. Fe-mineralization occurred in interval of plutons and volcanic - volcanoclastic rocks. The main ore mineral is magnetite – apatite with minor amounts of quartz and calcite. As well as magnetite- apatite mineralization, pyrite with minor amounts of chalcopyrite occurred in sulphide veinlets. The mineralization has been seen in five forms: veinlets of magnetite in form of stock- work, massive magnetite- apatite, banded magnetite- apatite, coarse grained magnetite- apatite veins and sulphide veinlets. Intrusion of ore deposit into host volcanic rocks, are associated with skarn metasomatism that form actinolite, talc, chlorite, phlogopite, quartze, calcite and epidote. Geothermobarometry for the skarn part, indicate that XCO2 is about 0.9, pressure of 2 kbar and the temperature is about 400-500 0C for metamorphic reactions. Detailed studies on textures and structures suggest the source of the iron from Zaker granitoid body and volcanic rocks are host rocks for iron deposit. Mineralography investigations are indicative of magmatic origin and show the best correlation with "Kiruna–type" iron ores.
M. Alimohammadi; P. Behnia; A. Khakazad; M.A. Ghorbani
Abstract
Hired gold-bearing area is located to the northeast of the Lut zone and in the vicinity of the Sistan suture zone. Several post Eocene plutons have intruded into the Eocene volcanic and pyroclastic units and caused hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of gold, copper, lead and zinc. We have applied ...
Read More
Hired gold-bearing area is located to the northeast of the Lut zone and in the vicinity of the Sistan suture zone. Several post Eocene plutons have intruded into the Eocene volcanic and pyroclastic units and caused hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of gold, copper, lead and zinc. We have applied the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data including three visible and near infrared (VNIR), six shortwave infrared (SWIR) and five thermal infrared (TIR) bands to determine the alteration minerals of Hired gold-bearing area. Spectral analysis of the surface reflectance SWIR manifests absorption in 2.20μm and 2.33μm wavelength regions.Absorption at 2.20μm(band6),due to Al-OH anionic agent is consistent with the presence of clay minerals (illite, kaolinite) and sericite, whereas absorption at 2.33μm (band 8) due to Mg-OH anionic agent and carbonates is consistent with the occurrence of chlorite, epidote and calcite minerals. In this study different image processing techniques such as band combination, band ratios transformation, and Binary Encoding were used to identify and delineate the altered minerals accompanied by gold mineralization. The Binary Encoding method was found to be the best image processing technique for delineation of the hydrothermally formed minerals. Analysis of the spectral emission data in the five TIR bands has provided valuable lithological information. It would not be possible to identify silicified rocks in the nine VNIR+SWIR bands due to the lack of recognizable spectral absorption features in quartz at this wavelength region. We have therefore mapped Quartz-bearing surface deposits as well as hydrothermally silicified rocks in the TIR region by using a band ratio (b11×b11) / (b10×b12) image. The results obtained from ASTER data are compatible with conclusions inferred from petrographic and XRD studies of the surface samples. The ASTER data appear to be useful in mapping hydrothermal alteration and in ore deposit exploration.
A. Amiri; I. Rassa; A. Khakzad; M. H. Adabi
Abstract
Stabilization of potentially sliding terraces and natural slopes are of great importance from view point of resident security, environment protection, river engineering and water and soil conversation. Soil reinforcement using tree toots is one of the methods being studied by many researchers. Most of ...
Read More
Stabilization of potentially sliding terraces and natural slopes are of great importance from view point of resident security, environment protection, river engineering and water and soil conversation. Soil reinforcement using tree toots is one of the methods being studied by many researchers. Most of them have worked on the effect of root density and few of them on the root diameter leading to contradicting results. In this paper the combined effect of root diameter and density on the shear resistance of soil is investigated by series of in-situ direct shear tests. Eighteen tests were carried out on soil possessing Willow roots and the results compared with those of non rooted soil as reference. To explain the observations, a new parameter referred to as root diameter-density index (RDDI) was defined. The results reveal that an increase in RDDI causes a significant increase in the apparent cohesion of rooted soil, but a little decrease in the internal friction angle. In both cases the rate of variation decreases with increasing RDDI and tends to a little value; however the extreme values of 212% and -15% are observed respectively. As general conclusion for rooted soils, the dominance of variation of apparent cohesion with respect to that of internal friction angle results the shear resistance ameliorates within a range of RDDI, and for further values it tends to a stabilized value. Moreover, for practical purposes, a relation was developed to be used by designer engineers.
H.R. Vatanpour; A. Khakzad; M. Ghaderi
Abstract
Sabzevar ophiolitic belt is located in the northwest of Iran, north of Sabzevar. The current study is carried out for the first time in Iran with an exploration approach in the western part of the belt. Study of Platinum Group Elements (PGE) is of high importance for determining the genesis and economic ...
Read More
Sabzevar ophiolitic belt is located in the northwest of Iran, north of Sabzevar. The current study is carried out for the first time in Iran with an exploration approach in the western part of the belt. Study of Platinum Group Elements (PGE) is of high importance for determining the genesis and economic evaluation of chromite deposits specifically in ophiolitic complexes. Chondrite-normalized PGE patterns of the chromitites related to ophiolites have a negative slope suggesting that during initial stages of magma crystallization, chromite preferentially removed compatible PGE from the magma. These patterns in the Sabzevar chromitites imply that these rocks are related to ophiolitic complexes (Alpine type). Chromite ore bodies which exhibit a relatively high incompatible/compatible element (Pd/Ir, Cu/Ni) ratios are derived from a more evolved magma with a lower fractional melting degree and do not seem to be of economic importance; this ratio in Al-rich chromites is higher than that of Cr-rich type. Pd/Ir ratio in Sabzevar chromitites on the average is less than 1, similar to many important chromite ore bodies related to ophiolitic complexes throughout the world. This ratio being low, as well as high chromium number (Cr/Cr+Al>0.60) suggests that this complex can be considered to contain a significant potential for economic and metallurgical chromite. Furthermore, the complex does not contain chromitites of uniform composition in chalcophile elements. PGE patterns of peridotites in the study area also show that these units in upper parts of the Gaft area are similar to ultramafic cumulates of oceanic crust, while in lower parts of Faroumad area related to mantle sequences.
A. Khakzad; A. Khakzad; H. Asadi; M.H. Emami; I. Rasa
Abstract
Regional exploration of Kahang is located at 73 km of north east of Esfahan city and 10 km of east of Zefreh town. This deposit is located in Uromieh-Dokhtar volcanoplotonic belt. For the first time this deposit was investigated with using the satellite images processing (TM). Base on the primary study, ...
Read More
Regional exploration of Kahang is located at 73 km of north east of Esfahan city and 10 km of east of Zefreh town. This deposit is located in Uromieh-Dokhtar volcanoplotonic belt. For the first time this deposit was investigated with using the satellite images processing (TM). Base on the primary study, such as field survey, geophysical study, R.S.and petrography and mineralogy investigation the region was founded suitable place for resources of Copper (Cu) and Molybdenum (Mo). Kahang region is an alteration and breccia zone. In generally, more than %99 of rocks of this region are affected by hydrothermal fluids become in the low and high alteration degrees. The rocks of the area include Andesite, porphyritic andesite, Dacite, porphyritic rhyodasite, Diorite, Quartz monzonite and porphyry micro granite. In plutons, from rim to center of massive, is a trend from basic to acid features with less age. For geochemical surveying, 174 soil samples in systematic method and 143 rock samples of the area have been collected. They are been analyzed for 45 elements using ICP – MS method in Amdel laboratory of Australia. After assurance of accuracy of the results, statistic parameters are calculated. Then correlation coefficient measures of data calculation using two and multi variables analyze methods. Thus, based on mean measures and standard deviation of normalized data of elements, anomaly of locations is distinguished and they are presented as a table. At this stage for separation and identification of important anomalies using P.N. method. For introducing of the best locations for excavation and also study of geochemical behaviors of Cu and Mo, anomalous maps of 10 elements drown include of Cu, Mo, Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Mn and Ba. The anomalous maps are drown in first step based on standard normalized duet and percent measures and in the second step with threshold limits plus amounts of standard deviation. Accordingly, it is delineate that the most concentration of hypogenous ores such as Cu and Mo in central part of area in Quartz monzonites and Diorites occurred, whereas the most concentration of supergeous ores such as Pb, Zn and Ag in the rim part of area in andesitic rocks occurred. Finally, for attainment of better results and recognition of anomalies correlated to ores, the composites haloes method is used and the map of composite haloes of supergene and hypogen ores are prepared based on standard normalized data. Solovov method is used for evaluation of erosion surface in ore area. On this base, if the amount of sum of standard normalized data of supergen ore to hypogens ratio is larger than one, we can conclude that the main ore bodies exist in the depth and it conserved from erosion processes.
