Geological Environment and Engineering
Sayed Naeim Emami; Saleh Yousefi
Abstract
Mass movements are among the most dangerous natural hazards in mountainous regions. The present study employs machine learning (ML) models for mass movement susceptibility mapping (MMSM) in Iran based on a comprehensive dataset of 864 mass movements which include debris flow, landslide, and rockfall ...
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Mass movements are among the most dangerous natural hazards in mountainous regions. The present study employs machine learning (ML) models for mass movement susceptibility mapping (MMSM) in Iran based on a comprehensive dataset of 864 mass movements which include debris flow, landslide, and rockfall during the last 42 years (1977–2019) as well as 12 conditional factors. The results of validation stage show that RF (random forest) is the most viable model for mass movement susceptibility maps. In addition, MARS (multivariate adaptive regression splines), MDA (mixture discriminant additive), and BRT (boosted regression trees) models also provide relatively accurate results. Results of the AUC for validation of produced maps were 0.968, 0.845, 0.828, and 0.765 for RF, MARS, MDA, and BRT, respectively. Based on MMSM generated by RF model, 32% of study area is identified to be under high and very high susceptibility classes. Most of the endangered areas for mass movement are in the west and central parts of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. In addition, our findings indicate that elevation, slope angle, distance from roads, and distance from faults are critical factors for mass movement. Our results provide a perspective view for decision makers to mitigate natural hazards.
A Ghazi; N Hafezi Moghadas; H Sadeghi; M Ghafoori; G Lashkaripour
Abstract
In this study, engineering geomorphology of MashhadCity is evaluated. For this purpose, aerial photos of the city, 180 drinking water wells and 1500 scattered geotechnical boreholes have been studied. Based on this information, the city divided into 6 geomorphologic units including rock outcrop, pediment, ...
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In this study, engineering geomorphology of MashhadCity is evaluated. For this purpose, aerial photos of the city, 180 drinking water wells and 1500 scattered geotechnical boreholes have been studied. Based on this information, the city divided into 6 geomorphologic units including rock outcrop, pediment, Golestan fan, Torough fan, southern fans and flat plain. Then, engineering geology properties of these units were investigated based on the geotechnical data sets. The geotechnical properties were evaluated just for the upper 10m of deposits. The results show predominant soil in the pediment and southern fans units is gravel, sandy and gravely soils are predominant in the Golestan fan unit, whereas clay and sand are predominant soils in the Torough fan and flat plain. In this study, earth evaluation was carried out based on the standard penetration test that shows the pediment unit has more resistance than other units. The clay minerals were determined based on the activity chart. Smectite and kaolinite are predominant clay minerals in the pediment and flat plain units, respectively.
F Sarjoughian; A Kananian; J Ahmadian
Abstract
The alkali feldspars and plagioclases in the Kuh-e Dom intrusive rocks show compositionally and microtexturally zoning structure. The feldspar crystals in the various lithologies such as granite- granodiorite samples, diorite- gabbro samples and relatively high frequency microgranular mafic enclaves ...
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The alkali feldspars and plagioclases in the Kuh-e Dom intrusive rocks show compositionally and microtexturally zoning structure. The feldspar crystals in the various lithologies such as granite- granodiorite samples, diorite- gabbro samples and relatively high frequency microgranular mafic enclaves existing in the acidic intrusion were analyzed using electron microprobe. The results of the microprobe analysis in the acidic, basic- intermediate rocks and enclaves indicated the normal and reverse zoning in the samples. The chemical compositions of plagioclases ranges from albite (An 9.4) in the rim to labradorite (An: 50.6) in the core for acidic rocks, and from andesine (An: 30.5) in the rim to labradorite (An: 56.4) in the core for the basic- intermediate rocks, and from oligoclase (An: 19.8) to labradorite (An: 66.5) in the enclaves. The frequently of rare elements such as Ba, Sr, Fe and Mg in the feldspars show various and oscillatory patterns. The oscillatory pattern of the major and minor elements from core to rim in the feldspar crystals suggests an effective role of magma mixing phenomena in forming of the Kuh-e Dom intrusion.
A. Hossein Morshedy; H. Memarian
Abstract
Zoning is an important practice in earth sciences. In zonation, the study area is divided into separate parts and by compiling the results of these parts, a unique model is obtained. In this study, clustering methods are applied for zoning of Semilan dam site. Optimal number of clusters are measured ...
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Zoning is an important practice in earth sciences. In zonation, the study area is divided into separate parts and by compiling the results of these parts, a unique model is obtained. In this study, clustering methods are applied for zoning of Semilan dam site. Optimal number of clusters are measured based on geotechnical parameters (lugeon, RQD), the importance of various dam structures and lithology indicators. By ranking of 7 clustering validity indexes, the optimum number of clusters found to be 4. In this paper, clustering was performed by faults locations and self-organizing neural network. In the former case, the study area was divided into four zones based on faults. This two dimensional zoning is independed of the third dimension (depth) and each sample belonged to a cluster. In the later case, a self-organizing map (SOM), which is a kind of neural network capable of clustering, was used. The SOM input data consists of, three dimensional parameters (X,Y,Z), geotechnical parameters (lugeon, RQD) and finally indicators of importance of various dam structures and lithology. Then, 7 input parameters were normalized between 0 to 1 and entered the network for training.The output data were allocated to four zones (clusters). For RQD spatial distribution realization, variography and anisotropy parameters for all four zones were calculated for both cases, Based on the main principal of clustering method which is maximum difference between clusters and maximum similarity between members of each cluster, performance and validation of two cases of clustering, RQD data were defined. Clustering quality index defined as sum of mean differences between two clusters divided by sum of standard deviation of clusters. Maximizing of this index is optimal solution. This study showed that clustering by SOM gives more accurate results than clustering by faults.
S. Zandifar; M. V. Valizadeh; M. A. Barghi; M. R. Foroodi Jahromi
Abstract
In the west and north west of Hassan-Abaad village of Yazd, massive dikes of alkali andesite in the diorite, quartz diorite and granodiorite are observed. Clinopyroxene phenocrysts in these rocks have obvious zoning. Reconnaissance work indicates that groundmass pyroxenes in the alkaline rocks are similar ...
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In the west and north west of Hassan-Abaad village of Yazd, massive dikes of alkali andesite in the diorite, quartz diorite and granodiorite are observed. Clinopyroxene phenocrysts in these rocks have obvious zoning. Reconnaissance work indicates that groundmass pyroxenes in the alkaline rocks are similar to the more evolved phenocryst rims. Obtained data from core to rim of Clinopyroxene phenocrysts by SEM point analysis, show that Clinopyroxene composition, contains Chrome-diopsides, Salites-ferrosalites and Titanaugite. Clinopyroxene zoning formed during crystal growth. These pyroxenes are believed to record an intricate history of stop-start differentiation, magma-mixing, entry or disappearance of high-pressure precipitates. The salitic and ferrosalitic crystals of the Hassan-Abaad andesite also represent accidental fragments of anomalous upper mantle wall rocks.
F. Rezaei; M. Eivazi
Abstract
The Tehran city, capital of Iran is located on young alluvium deposits which mostly cover due to rapid urban development. This urban development without proper geotechnical and geological assessment may cause great engineering and economic problems. Survey of geotechnical problems are one of the most ...
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The Tehran city, capital of Iran is located on young alluvium deposits which mostly cover due to rapid urban development. This urban development without proper geotechnical and geological assessment may cause great engineering and economic problems. Survey of geotechnical problems are one of the most important issue that consider for building important structures. Most of constructions are based on the ground. Hence the Examination and recognition of physical and mechanical properties of soil layers are so necessary. Present research aims to determine stability parameters, plat bearing and amount of foundation settlement in East and South-Eastern of Tehran in Ghalemorghi area. For this specific zones have been identified, among them, first, second and third zones have middle (2<qa<3), good (3<qa<4) and very good (4<qa<6) stability (bearing conditions). 4th and 5th zones show low (1<qa<2) and middle (2<qa<3) bearing condition. The 6th area has low (1<qa<2) and very low (0<qa<1) stability conditions. In a general view soil density decrease from north to south due to gradual change of sand and gravel deposits to clay deposit and with depth it increase. The amount of immediate settlement also decreases with depth. (Rezaei, Adib & Eivazi, 2007).
Comparison between old and new researches show that in new researches, amount of plat bearing is more and amount of settlement less than old researches in surface layers (0-5 m), but there aren’t any important changes in amount of plat bearing and settlement in deeper layers. We think increase in amount of plate bearing, and decrease in amount of settlement in surface layers have been caused by increasing and accumulation of constructions, and also increase of traffic in duration years. The further studies show that effect of loading decrease with depth. Amount of stability and settlement in each zone have important role to design and select the kind of foundation and lay out depth.