Hydrology
Masoud Morsali
Abstract
Prediction of groundwater inflow into tunnels during excavation is one of the most important problems of tunneling projects. There are many analytical and empirical methods to predict the amount of groundwater entering the tunnels, which are generally not highly accurate. Permeability and water head ...
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Prediction of groundwater inflow into tunnels during excavation is one of the most important problems of tunneling projects. There are many analytical and empirical methods to predict the amount of groundwater entering the tunnels, which are generally not highly accurate. Permeability and water head are the main affecting parameters in estimation of groundwater inflow in current prediction methods. Due to the complexity of the geological and hydrogeological conditions of hard rock formations, it is necessary to enter other geological factors to estimate groundwater inflow into the tunnel. In this paper, for the first time, Geomorphological Rock Mass Strength (GRMS) classification is used as a criterion for estimating the groundwater entering the tunnel. The obtained data from two tunnels in different geological setting were used to study the effect of rock mass classification parameter on estimation of groundwater entering the tunnel. The results show that for both tunnels, GRMS have a significant correlation with the amounts of groundwater inflow into the tunnels.
Hydrology
Asghar Asgharai Moghaddam; Ata Allah Nadiri; Faiba Sadeghi Aghdam
Abstract
Naqadeh plain located in the southwestern part of Urmia Lake has suitable water resources. In recent years, agricultural development and increasing industrial units, in addition to inadequate disposal of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater to the Gedar River, increase the risk of groundwater ...
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Naqadeh plain located in the southwestern part of Urmia Lake has suitable water resources. In recent years, agricultural development and increasing industrial units, in addition to inadequate disposal of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater to the Gedar River, increase the risk of groundwater contamination. In order to monitor the groundwater resources of this plain, 33 water samples from exploitation wells were collected during July 2016. Hydrochemical parameters and the concentration of the major, minor and heavy metals elements of collected samples were analyzed. In order to identify the origin of heavy metals and the related geogenic and anthropogenic pollution sources of them, hydrochemical diagrams, statistical analysis, spatial distribution maps and geological interpretations were used. The results indicate the concentration of some parameters including EC, and heavy metals include, Fe, Mn, and Al are higher than the international standard limits. HPI was used to understand the drinking quality of groundwater resources in regard to the concentrations of six heavy metals. Classification results show a good quality for 70% and inadequate quality for 30% of the samples. The total HPI index of Naqadeh plain is 23.24, which is lower than its critical values(100). Also, the highest HPI of sampling points with values of 161,220 and 871 threaten human health. High concentrations of heavy metals can be related to the dissolution of geological formations, mining of iron ore, and the activity of industrial units and the condensation of elements in groundwater due to high evaporation in areas with a low depth of groundwater.
Hydrology
Shahrokh Norallahi; A. Asghari Moghaddam; Fijani Elham; Rahim Barzegar
Abstract
In recent decades, due to growth of population and qancequently increasing demand for drinking, agriculture and industry purposes has led to consider the groundwater as the most important resource of water in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality of the groundwater in the ...
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In recent decades, due to growth of population and qancequently increasing demand for drinking, agriculture and industry purposes has led to consider the groundwater as the most important resource of water in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality of the groundwater in the area, along with its quantity. The objectives of this study are to investigate the possible origin of some heavy metals in the groundwater of Mashgin-Shahr plain using multivariate statistical methods including cluster analysis and factor analysis along with correlation coefficient as well as identification of factors affecting groundwater quality in the area. For this purpose, 25 groundwater samples were collected in October 2016, and measured with respect to pH, electrical conductivity, major (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, carbonate, and bicarbonate) and minor (nitrate, fluoride and silica) ions and some heavy metals/metalloid such as iron, manganese, aluminum, zinc, chromium, copper, cadmium, lead and arsenic. The analyzes show that processes such as weathering and dissolution of evaporatic and silicate formations, ion exchange and agricultural activities are effective on the groundwater quality of the area. The results of multivariate analysis show that most of the heavy are originated from volcanic formations in the area and salinity and acidity play an important role in releasing them into the groundwater. Factor analysis indicates that geogenic processes with a total of 79.9 % of variance and anthropogenic factors with a total of 6.6 % of variance control the groundwater chemistry.
Hydrology
Somayeh Esmaeili; Rahim Barzegar; Naeimeh Kazemian
Abstract
Qareh-Ziaeddin plain is located in the West Azarbaijan province, Northwest of Iran. The aim of this study is to investigate the effective factors and processes on the groundwater chemical quality of Qareh-Ziaeddin plain. For this purpose, 20 water samples were collected from groundwater resources in ...
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Qareh-Ziaeddin plain is located in the West Azarbaijan province, Northwest of Iran. The aim of this study is to investigate the effective factors and processes on the groundwater chemical quality of Qareh-Ziaeddin plain. For this purpose, 20 water samples were collected from groundwater resources in November 2016 and the concentration of the major ions, nitrate and silica was measured. Also, the pH and electrical conductivity of the samples were measured in the field. In this study, different bivariate and hydrochemical diagrams, chloro-alkaline index, saturation index and inverse modeling were used to achieve the mentioned goal. The results of the bivariate diagrams show that the saltwater intrusion from irrigation return flows, cation exchange, weathering and dissolution of rock minerals specially carbonates, silicates, gypsum and halite, and evaporation process, in a small amount, are the effective factors on the chemical quality of the groundwater in the study area. The calculated Chloro-alkaline indices indicate that these indices are negative in all samples, which reveal the normal ion exchange. The water samples are super-saturated with regards to the carbonate and quartz minerals, whereas are under-saturated with respect to the sulfate and halite minerals. The results of inverse geochemical modeling confirm weathering and dissolution of the carbonate, sulfate and halite minerals and ion exchange in different parts of the aquifer.
Mojtaba Arjomandi; Ali Saremi; Amir Pouya Sarraf; Hossien Sedghi; Mahasa Roustaei
Abstract
During recent years, groundwater exploitation and thereby decreasing hydraulic head in the compressible sedimentary aquifer which is placed in the district 19 of Tehran have been caused noticeable land subsidence. The land subsidence has been damaging the infrastructures which have been being built in ...
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During recent years, groundwater exploitation and thereby decreasing hydraulic head in the compressible sedimentary aquifer which is placed in the district 19 of Tehran have been caused noticeable land subsidence. The land subsidence has been damaging the infrastructures which have been being built in the south of Tehran Basin, especially in the district 19 of Tehran. A finite-difference groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) and a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) method have been used to estimate and predict the rate of land subsidence in this area, and help hydrogeologists manage the vital groundwater resource correctly. The data have been imported into the model, and the change of the amount of land subsidence and head have been obtained for 39 years. Then the available radar images have been processed. Afterwards, the head calibration and subsidence calibration have been done. The results of the calibrations confirmed the accuracy of the results obtained by the model. Finally, this study suggests that 118 mm of land subsidence and an 11.6 m piezometric head decline are likely to occur from 2014 until 2043.
M. Siavash haghighi
Abstract
One of the factors reducing the chemical quality of groundwater used in the industry is a gradual increase of ions concentration. These ions can affect the mineral processing and reduce mining efficiency by corrosion or sedimentation in the path of water circulation. In Gol Gohar Iron ore mine, the rate ...
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One of the factors reducing the chemical quality of groundwater used in the industry is a gradual increase of ions concentration. These ions can affect the mineral processing and reduce mining efficiency by corrosion or sedimentation in the path of water circulation. In Gol Gohar Iron ore mine, the rate of salinity in groundwater has increased significantly in recent years. Because brine groundwater in the mine is used to produce pulp in concentrators, its quality has been a matter of concern. In this study, different factors affecting the groundwater quality and causing salinity increase are studied. These factors include quality of groundwater inflow, surface water infiltration, lithology of the region, depth of mining, saturated thickness of the aquifer, changes of hydraulic gradient, ground water circulation path, water budget, isotopic properties of water and groundwater evaporation.
SH Safari; A Asghari Moghaddam; A Nadiri; K Siahcheshm
Abstract
Arsenic is one of the most toxic and dangerous soluble substances in natural water. It has long-term ill effects on human health. Arsenic-contaminated water resources have been reported from many parts of the world and Iran, particularly from the Kurdistan province in the west of the country. The aim ...
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Arsenic is one of the most toxic and dangerous soluble substances in natural water. It has long-term ill effects on human health. Arsenic-contaminated water resources have been reported from many parts of the world and Iran, particularly from the Kurdistan province in the west of the country. The aim of this study is to identify the source of arsenic and mechanisms of its release into groundwater resources of the Chahardoli plain aquifers. Groundwater resources in this plain supply much of the water needs for drinking, agriculture and industry. Therefore, 31 water samples were collected from the plain aquifer and chemically analyzed for major and minor ions in the Hydrology Laboratory of Earth Sciences Department of the Tabriz University. Also, the trace elements were analyzed in the Kurdistan Waste Water Organization Laboratory. The results show high arsenic concentrations in the groundwater of the area. The highest arsenic concentration (270 µg/L) is related to a well located in the northwest part of the area which supplies water for agricultural purposes of Delbaran sector. According to the results obtained from multi-variable and graphical methods, there is a meaningful correlation between arsenic and major ions such as Na and K as well as silica, indicating that the source of arsenic is from volcanic rocks. It is therefore a geogenic rather than an anthropogenic phenomenon. The mechanism of arsenic releases into the water can be related to competitive adsorption of dissolved SiO2 in adsorption sites such as oxides of iron, aluminium and manganese.
Y Nazari; A Abbasnejad
Abstract
The Rayen plain, which is about 1900km2 in area is considered as a part of the Lut drainage basin and is located in the southwest of Lut and eastern slopes of the HezarMountain. This plain lies at the 110km southeast of Kerman city. Geographically, it is at 57˚, 13' to 57˚, 54' eastern longitude and ...
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The Rayen plain, which is about 1900km2 in area is considered as a part of the Lut drainage basin and is located in the southwest of Lut and eastern slopes of the HezarMountain. This plain lies at the 110km southeast of Kerman city. Geographically, it is at 57˚, 13' to 57˚, 54' eastern longitude and 29˚, 23' to 29˚, 52' northern latitude. The average height of this plain is about 2600m above msl. Given the location of the plain at the vicinity of the Urmiah- Dokhtar volcanic Belt and considering the role of eruptions as well as volcanic rocks and hydrothermal activities on the concentration of arsenic and the role of this element in environmental problems, this study was performed on the concentration of arsenic in groundwater. In order to determine the variations and source of arsenic, in all,29 samples were collected from the water points (springs, qanats and wells).Subsequently, the concentration of As, major cations and anions(Na+, K+, Ca2+ , Mg2+,Cl-,SO4-,HCO3-), NO3-,F-, as well as EC,TDS, alkalinity and total hardness were determined. Accordingly, isoconcentration map and correlation diagram were prepared and statistical analysis including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA)were carried out. The arsenic concentration in groundwater of this plain varies from 0.1 ppb up to 248.4 ppb with an average of 21.6 ppb. Based on the statistical analysis, arsenic concentration shows positive correlation with pH. The intrusion of hydrothermal waters into the aquifer and desorption from oxides and hydroxides of iron are considered as the main causes of high-arsenic level in some parts of this plain.
A Asghari Moghaddam; L Jalali
Abstract
The KhoyPlain is located in the north of West Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran. The study area has a cold and arid climate with the annual mean precipitation of about 344 mm. The purpose of this study is evaluating of hydrochemical properties of groundwater and determination of arsenic contamination ...
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The KhoyPlain is located in the north of West Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran. The study area has a cold and arid climate with the annual mean precipitation of about 344 mm. The purpose of this study is evaluating of hydrochemical properties of groundwater and determination of arsenic contamination at this plain. According to the hydrochemical analysis of 36 collected groundwater samples, in some zones of the area, arsenic contamination is exceed the world health organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. The arsenic concentrations of the water samples were increased in the east and southeast part of the study area. Based on the cluster analysis, the samples were posed in three clusters. Each of the clusters divided into subgroups based on heavy metals contain such as arsenic and iron. There is a positive correlation relationship between arsenic and iron, copper, sodium, chlorine, sulfate and EC. The high correlation of arsenic with iron and copper show the high impact of oxides and hydroxides of these elements in absorbing and accompanying in the sediments and consequently in the groundwater. The most saturation indices of arsenic were for FeAsO4:2H2O and Ca3 (AsO4)2:4H2O compounds, showing that change of saturation indices for these two compounds is similar and increasing from recharge to discharge area. Based on factor analysis method, three main effective factors were distinguished on hydrochemistry of the study area. In the first factor, chlorine, sodium, potassium, arsenic, copper, iron and electrical conductivity are effective elements, which have geogenic origin. Consequently, the origin of arsenic can be geogenicthatis related to geological factors, rocks and sediments that come from alteration of geological formations. Therefore, dissolution of minerals from the Miocene deposits such as marl, shale, sandstone and red conglomerate and the Pliocene conglomerate, and interbedded marl and sandstone are the effective sources of arsenic in the aquifer.
M. Rezaei; A. Sargezi
Abstract
Over-exploitation from Goharkuh plain aquifer, southwest of Zahedan, resulted in water table drawdown. In order to assessing the effect of artificial recharge, numerical model of groundwater flow of the aquifer was developed. Well loges, hydrogeologic parameters, pizometric heads and results of pumping ...
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Over-exploitation from Goharkuh plain aquifer, southwest of Zahedan, resulted in water table drawdown. In order to assessing the effect of artificial recharge, numerical model of groundwater flow of the aquifer was developed. Well loges, hydrogeologic parameters, pizometric heads and results of pumping tests were used in this study. The flow model is well calibrated and used to simulate future water level fluctuations. Steady state condition has been considered in January of 2003 because of low fluctuation in groundwater level in this period. The Sensivity analysis related to a few parameters and verification for period of February of 2004 to February of 2005 has performed. The results indicate that groundwater level is reducing in Goharkuh plain aquifer. Maximum drawdown occurs in the east part of the aquifer. Aquifer reaction has been assessed by definition of different scenarios to identify the best location for artificial recharge. Based on the result, the north part of the aquifer (close to pizometer P9) is the best location for performing artificial recharge.
M. Faryabi; N. Kalantari; A. Negarestani
Abstract
The Jiroft plain is located at about 230 km from Kerman city in southeast of Iran. As groundwater is the main source for agriculture, industry and drinking in this area, thus its qualitative evaluation is very important. In this study for evaluation of groundwater chemical quality, a combination of statistical ...
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The Jiroft plain is located at about 230 km from Kerman city in southeast of Iran. As groundwater is the main source for agriculture, industry and drinking in this area, thus its qualitative evaluation is very important. In this study for evaluation of groundwater chemical quality, a combination of statistical method such cluster analysis and correlation coefficients and hydro geochemical methods such ionic ratios and composition diagrams were used. Groundwater samples were grouped with the use of Cluster Analysis method and similar samples were identified. On the basis of cluster analysis results, the groundwater samples fall into four groups, in other words the aquifer has been divided into four zones and each zone has peculiar chemical characteristics. In this paper ionic ratios of (Na+K-Cl)/ (Na+K-Cl+Ca), Na/ (Na+Cl), Mg/ (Ca+Mg), Ca/ (Ca+SO4), Cl/ (sum anions) and HCO3/ (sum anions) and composition diagrams for the characterizing groundwater influencing factors were used. Based on the obtained results, processes such as dissolution of gypsum and halite, Na-rich plagioclase weathering and ion exchange affect the groundwater quality of the study area.
