Hydrology
hassan zia; Goliam Hossan Karami; Ali Taheri
Abstract
Estimation recharge is an important parameter in the hydrogeological study that used for water budget. Recharge potential map prepared based on spatial maps of eight major influencing factors on groundwater recharge rates (lithology, slope value, aspect, drainage density, precipitation, fracture density, ...
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Estimation recharge is an important parameter in the hydrogeological study that used for water budget. Recharge potential map prepared based on spatial maps of eight major influencing factors on groundwater recharge rates (lithology, slope value, aspect, drainage density, precipitation, fracture density, karstification and epikarst) were integrated using GIS after expertise judgment. The study area has been classified into four zones with potential recharge of 15, 25, 35 and 45 percent. The extent of each zone was determined 251, 879, 943 and 200 km2, respectively. The average potential recharge was 30% in the study area. According to potential recharge and average of annual precipitation (164 mm), the total recharge in the Shotori mountains was estimated to be 122 million cubic meters (MCM) and about 25 MCM from that volume were discharged from springs and abstraction wells and remaining volume (87 MCM) is recharging to adjacent aquifers. Ezmigan, Ganbar, and Korit are the major karstic springs that drain the Shotori Mountain with the mean discharge rate of 63, 60 and 24 lit/s and electrical conductivity values of 601, 1640 and 825 µS/cm respectively. The estimated catchment area based on the recharge rate in comparison to the evaluated catchments by geological, stratigraphical methods showed that the difference is less than 15%, which confirms the estimated amount of recharge.
Hasan Zamanian; Ghasem Beiranvand; Farhad Ahmadnejad
Abstract
Bagoushi deposit is located in 37 km northwestern Masiri in Fars province. Structurally the deposit is situated in the Zagros Simply Folded Mountain belt and developed in Upper Cretaceous carbonates. From the top to bottom, the deposit is consisting of red, pisolitic, brown, brecciate, and kaolinitic ...
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Bagoushi deposit is located in 37 km northwestern Masiri in Fars province. Structurally the deposit is situated in the Zagros Simply Folded Mountain belt and developed in Upper Cretaceous carbonates. From the top to bottom, the deposit is consisting of red, pisolitic, brown, brecciate, and kaolinitic bauxite horizons. Boehmite, kaolinite, hematite, pyrophyllite, anatase, calcite and diaspore are the major mineral phases. The main ore textures of the deposit include pisolitic, pisolitic-oolitic and clastic with pelitomorphic and microgranular matrixes. According to the formation conditions of the major minerals, the Bagoushi deposit formed in an environment ranging from acidic-oxidizing surface water to basic and reducing groundwater. Some textural features such as pelitomorphic matrix, pisolitic and oolitic textures, radial fractures in pisoids, growth of simple cortex around earlier pisoids, pisoids with cortexes lacking radial and circular fractures, are indicative of allochthonous origin; and broken pisoids, allogeneic pisoids and clastic grains reveal the transportation of bauxitic materials; therefore the bauxite materials is authigenic, but in some parts were transported and re-deposited, at least locally. The mass change calculations relative to the immobile element Ti show that elements such as Si, Fe, Mg, K and Na are leached out; Al, Zr, V, Th, Nb, Ba and REEs particularly LREE are concentrated; and Hf, Ta, Co, Rb, Cs, Be and U are relatively immobile during the bauxitisation process. The bauxite ores are characterized by progressive enrichment of the REE compared to parent rock, intense LREE/HREE fractionation, relatively stable negative Eu anomalies, and weak negative Ce anomalies.
R. Akbari Jonosh; M. Ghorashi; Hasan. A. Babaei; M. Nakhaei; M. Pourkermani
Abstract
Considering Iran’s situation in drought risk area, in this study karstic waters are investigated. The study area is located in central of Iran, Semnan province. Several factors are important in Karstification and formation water resources in carbonate, among them important are petrology, topography, ...
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Considering Iran’s situation in drought risk area, in this study karstic waters are investigated. The study area is located in central of Iran, Semnan province. Several factors are important in Karstification and formation water resources in carbonate, among them important are petrology, topography, climate, geomorphology and hydrogeology are pointed out. In this research, the role of structural factors in the development of karstic water resources in Semnan province has been studied. firstly, information layers of each factor prepared. For example, tectonic elements, includes maps: lineament density, faults length density, faults intersection density and density distance from faults making use geological maps and processing of satellite images. Information layers analyzed in the geographical information system (GIS), Expert Choice Software making use geostatistical methods. In this study, multi methods like analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (Fuzzy AHP) used in study of karstic water resources.
Geophysics
Ali Ramzani; Mir Sattar Meshinchi Asl; Mohsen Oveisy Moakhar
Abstract
Geophysical surveys have been carried out to characterize the structure and to better understand the karstic water reservoirs in the Quchan area. Deep 2-D resistivity tomography and magnetic method have been used to detect the most promising zones for new water-well siting. Magnetic method has a common ...
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Geophysical surveys have been carried out to characterize the structure and to better understand the karstic water reservoirs in the Quchan area. Deep 2-D resistivity tomography and magnetic method have been used to detect the most promising zones for new water-well siting. Magnetic method has a common usage in the interpretation of the tectonic framework, faults and fractures that are triggering parameters of karstification phenomena. Therefore a high resolution magnetic survey was carried out as the first detection approach at selected sites in the studied region with the aim of probable buried fault exploration for karstic zone detection. The geomagnetic results detect magnetic anomalies in NW-SE direction agreed with the known faults system in the area. As the second approach, a Deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography (DERT) process has been designed according to magnetic results. Tree sections of 2-D electrical tomography using the Wenner-Schlumberger array has been carried out along a survey line of 100 m and an investigation depth of about 250 m with resolution of 5 m. The 2-D inversion modeling provides suitable information about the exploration targets and essential geological formations. The studies illustrate that low resistivity areas on the sections related to karstic zones. We used this combination of geophysical methods in this study to prove that these geological phenomena can be detected by such quick, economic and confident sequence of geophysical methods.
B Ebrahimi; A Seif
Abstract
This study has been carried out with the aim of mapping karst and evaluation of potential karstification of carbonates rocks in Zagros. One objective of this paper is a spatial evaluation of karst development in Zagros considering role of the chief factors affecting karst development. The main considered ...
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This study has been carried out with the aim of mapping karst and evaluation of potential karstification of carbonates rocks in Zagros. One objective of this paper is a spatial evaluation of karst development in Zagros considering role of the chief factors affecting karst development. The main considered factors are those classified by White (1988) into three driving forces (i.e., chemical driving force, physical driving force and hydrogeological setting). Precipitation, temperature, relief, rock type, tectonic setting and stratigraphic thickness of soluble carbonate rocks are the main factors classified to describe the mentioned driving forces. In this study, precipitation and temperature are represented by the chemical weathering conditions during the modern and glacial periods prepared on the basis of Peltier's graphs. All data are mapped, classified, weighted and managed in separate layers in GIS environment. The Karst Index (Ki) is introduced to define the modeled degree of karstification computed by proper combination of six weighted layers and the final theoretical karst map of Iran is prepared based on the ranked Karst Index. According to the combination method, values of Ki could be in a range of zero to 400. The classified theoretical karst map shows that out of 109,313 km2 of carbonate units (25 % of the surface area of the study area) about 34212 km2 (31.3% of carbonate rocks) have very low to low potentials for development of karstic features. About 61272 km2 (56% of carbonate rocks) have moderate potential and about 13829 km2 (12.7% of carbonate rocks) have high to very high potentials for karstification. In other words, 68.7% of the carbonate rocks are carbonate rocks with moderate to high potentials for karstification. Densities of caves and karstic springs are the main and the most important geomorphological features used to check the calculated degree of karstification. For this purpose, complete inventories of caves and springs in Zagros were made. 64 caves and 129 springs (with discharges above 10 l/s) occur in rocks in areas of very low to low potentials for karstification. About 132 caves and 300 springs fall in the moderate class and 51 caves and 162 springs in areas with high to very high potentials for karstification. Cave densities are 0.0014, 0.0020, 0.0022, 0.0036 and 0.0039 caves per square kilometers for very low, low, moderate, high and very high classes respectively. In addition, densities of springs are 0.0035, 0.0039, 0.0049, 0.0111 and 0.0131 springs per square kilometers for very low, low, moderate, high and very high classes respectively. In other words, densities of caves and springs show a good correlation with the evaluated karstification.
M Yamani; A. A. Shamsipour; M. Jafari Aghdam; S. Bagheri Seyed shokr
Abstract
The Cheleh basin is located in the south of Kermanshah province and the Zagros morphotectonic zone. According to the vast of limestone formation, and the presence of tectonic faults, developed karst land forms has evolved. The purpose of this study is to survey the development of karst and the effect ...
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The Cheleh basin is located in the south of Kermanshah province and the Zagros morphotectonic zone. According to the vast of limestone formation, and the presence of tectonic faults, developed karst land forms has evolved. The purpose of this study is to survey the development of karst and the effect of permeable factors on it. Main data of the research are formed by topographic and geologic maps and aerial photos along with hydrology stats of Department Energy. In this study are nine environmental factors as independent variables and Geomorphological karstic landforms as the dependent variable were examined. At first was identified quantitative and qualitative criteria and then doing field works, interviews and questionnaires, these criteria and factors are analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process and finally were gained in GIS, maps and unificating and Final correction with the help of fuzzy logic, respectively. In order to better conclusions, the region in terms of development in karst was divided into four sections. Combining data layers approve the effective role of lithology (Asmari Formation) in the process of development in karsting. Also has seen development in karst on the southern highlands of basin and flat lands at the head of the northern anticline and along the main fault of the region. karst areas Developed 107.95 square kilometers about 22.5 percent and regions with average development of karst covers 34 percent of the watershed basin.
H. R. Nassery; F. Alijani; M. Nakhaei
Abstract
To determine the ground water potential of the karst aquifers, in the southwest of Izeh, three profiles and 62 vertical electrical sounding (VES) conducted by Schlumberger array, eight profiles were performed using dipole-dipole configuration, and 3-D configuration applied in two sites. However, Schlumberger ...
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To determine the ground water potential of the karst aquifers, in the southwest of Izeh, three profiles and 62 vertical electrical sounding (VES) conducted by Schlumberger array, eight profiles were performed using dipole-dipole configuration, and 3-D configuration applied in two sites. However, Schlumberger tomography with high investigation depth (about 180 m) may be shows the different zone of karst aquifer but because of 50-100 m of VES spacing has not the detectability of cavities with lower than 50 m diameter. The results show that Ilam-Sarvak limestone is similar to hard rocks while Asmari formation has been identified as developed karst with high matrix porosity. The results in the 2-D geoelectrical tomography using a dipole-dipole configuration, shows that, compared to an electrode spacing of 5 m, an electrode spacing of 1 or 2 m has a higher ability to delineate karst voids. Because of the higher depth of the investigation, however, the longer electrode spacing allowed obtaining a comprehensive insight of different parts of karst regions. The high resolution 3-D electrical tomography has a good ability to detection of geological features and karst voids. The geoelectric results and interpretation of tomograms have been asserted by drilling success of four wells with high yield at Asmari formation and two wells with moderate yield at Ilam-Sarvak formation.
A. Maleki
Abstract
The Large numbers of provinces in country use Karst's water Sources as a main Source of securing water for using in different ground of drinking-agriculture and industry. Kermanshah province with an area about 24953,286 square kilometers is located in the middle of western side of the country which its ...
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The Large numbers of provinces in country use Karst's water Sources as a main Source of securing water for using in different ground of drinking-agriculture and industry. Kermanshah province with an area about 24953,286 square kilometers is located in the middle of western side of the country which its main part is in the zones of nappe and foliated Zagross and its heights are often formed of the hard carbonated formations. The Karsti zonations of Kermanshah province play an important role in the providing and feeding of aquiferouses; for this reason to recognize these zonations and the rate of their modification , the zonation of the modification of the karst is done in this research and its map has been drawn too . For the purpose of acquiring of the aims of the research , first the closed superficial holes as the index of the modification of the karst were recognized by using the topographic maps 1 / 50000 and the recognizing pictures 5 meters irs (BW) , their maps were drawn and after examining statistically and confirm the relationship the maps with the subject , with the help of the Kay square and the rotary operation , seven factors of height , lithologic , geomorphology , temperature , rainfall , vaporization and slope as the effective factors in the modification of the karst have been selected . After digitalization of all of the respective data for evaluation ( giving weight ) the classes of the maps of aquired from the statistics ways , analysis of the hierarchic ( expertizing judgement ) , condensation of the surface , the informational value , the variables weight and the experimental way were used . Then in the environment of gis the maps of the factor of overlapping and the maps of the zonation the modification of the karast has been aquired with the 5 ways mentioned .Among the ways used for zonation , the way of the informational value has the most adaption with the selected index (the closed holes) in the zone being studied .The aquired maps of zanation, beside the determinination of the zones with different degrees of modification of the karst's from in the province, It also has detemined the feeding Limitations of underground waters (Karst) and the favourable areas for Pollution of these Sources in the surface of earth.Which should use Suitable Policy for protecting these areas, Other wise many gangers will threat the feeding places.
H. Mohseni; S. Khodabakhsh; A. H. Sadr; F. Aliani
Abstract
Bisotun inscription located on the mid-way of Hamedan- Kermanshah road (40 km to Kermanshah city), is carved on limestone cliffs exposed in the area. Dissolution of the inscription caused serious damage to the most important heritage of the country. The area comprises massive gray limestones of the Lower ...
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Bisotun inscription located on the mid-way of Hamedan- Kermanshah road (40 km to Kermanshah city), is carved on limestone cliffs exposed in the area. Dissolution of the inscription caused serious damage to the most important heritage of the country. The area comprises massive gray limestones of the Lower Cretaceous as a part of high Zagros thrust belt. Accordingly, the limestones are extensively tectonized and two main joint sets are developed in the area. Joint study was performed in an area of one km around the inscription. Thereby, it is revealed that these joint sets had impact on the dissolution of limestones. Limestone beds containing inscription are composed of mudstone to bioclastic algal wackestones. Original mineralogy of these algal bioclasts was aragonite. A few foraminifers and pellet also occur in some samples. Extensive jointing and unstable original mineralogy of limestone components lead to the dissolution of limestones in a meteoric condition. Evidences such as moldic, vuggy, canal, and cavern porosity suggest a meteoric diagenetic environment. Vugs up to centimeter scale in the field observations are evidences of karstification in the area. Jointing and dip direction of the bedding plane cut across the middle part of the inscription; conduct the corrosive rainfall precipitation toward the inscription surface. Consequently dissolution pit and holes were developed on it. Apparently the only practical way for remediation is to keep the inscription surface away from these corrosive waters. Considering the dip direction of the bedding plane, jointing on limestones and karstification in the area, it is recommended to drain the waters from bedding plane through a canal in a considerable distance from the inscription surface.
