Hydrology
Asghar Asgharai Moghaddam; Ata Allah Nadiri; Faiba Sadeghi Aghdam
Abstract
Naqadeh plain located in the southwestern part of Urmia Lake has suitable water resources. In recent years, agricultural development and increasing industrial units, in addition to inadequate disposal of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater to the Gedar River, increase the risk of groundwater ...
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Naqadeh plain located in the southwestern part of Urmia Lake has suitable water resources. In recent years, agricultural development and increasing industrial units, in addition to inadequate disposal of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater to the Gedar River, increase the risk of groundwater contamination. In order to monitor the groundwater resources of this plain, 33 water samples from exploitation wells were collected during July 2016. Hydrochemical parameters and the concentration of the major, minor and heavy metals elements of collected samples were analyzed. In order to identify the origin of heavy metals and the related geogenic and anthropogenic pollution sources of them, hydrochemical diagrams, statistical analysis, spatial distribution maps and geological interpretations were used. The results indicate the concentration of some parameters including EC, and heavy metals include, Fe, Mn, and Al are higher than the international standard limits. HPI was used to understand the drinking quality of groundwater resources in regard to the concentrations of six heavy metals. Classification results show a good quality for 70% and inadequate quality for 30% of the samples. The total HPI index of Naqadeh plain is 23.24, which is lower than its critical values(100). Also, the highest HPI of sampling points with values of 161,220 and 871 threaten human health. High concentrations of heavy metals can be related to the dissolution of geological formations, mining of iron ore, and the activity of industrial units and the condensation of elements in groundwater due to high evaporation in areas with a low depth of groundwater.
Parisa Piroozfar; Samad Alipour; Soroush Modabberi; David Cohen
Abstract
This study investigated the hydrogeochemistry and environmental water quality of rivers in Sarough watershed using the major ion chemistry and explored multivariate statistical methods for identification of processes which release the solutes in natural waters. Totally, 38 samples were collected along ...
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This study investigated the hydrogeochemistry and environmental water quality of rivers in Sarough watershed using the major ion chemistry and explored multivariate statistical methods for identification of processes which release the solutes in natural waters. Totally, 38 samples were collected along the main streams of the watershed. The mean concentrations of major cations (Na, K, Mg, Ca) and anions (Cl, NO3, CO3, HCO3, SO4) were measured about 15, 4.6, 10.5, 61, 30, 4.49, 89, 156 and 107 mg/l, respectively. The results indicated that the river waters in the Sarough watershed were neutral and fresh water in nature (mean values: pH=7.7 and TDS= 315.8 mg/l). Most of the water samples were categorized in hard and very hard water classes with mean value for TH=197 mg/l and were under-saturated regarding with major carbonates, sulfates and evaporate minerals in most of samples. The major water types were Ca–HCO3–SO4, Ca–Mg–CO3 and Ca–SO4–HCO3. The Na, Cl and NO3 concentration in all water samples fell within the accepted limit of national and international standards for drinking water. Nevertheless, Ca, Mg and SO4 content in some samples were higher than the maximum desirable limits. Schuler diagram showed that majority of the water samples were good and acceptable for drinking. Evaluating the quality of river water for irrigation purposes using Wilcox diagram and SAR, EC and RSC indices indicated that majority of the water samples were suitable for irrigation. The results of multivariate statistical techniques such as correlation coefficient matrix, CA and PCA indicated the strong association between Na-K-Cl-SO4 and Ca-Mg-CO3-TH. It was assumed that weathering of carbonates (limestone/dolomite formations, calcareous marl formation and travertine) in the area were common source of Ca, Mg and HCO3. Also, travertine springs were considered as active point sources which release these elements into the drainage system. Meanwhile, dissolution of halite and gypsum in red marl formations (lower part of Qom F. and Upper Red F.) were the main processes considered as the origin of Na, K, Cl and SO4 in river water of study area.
M Tajbakhshian; M.H Mahmudy; A Mahboubi; R Moussavi Harami; I Ejlali
Abstract
Hydrogeochemistry of surface and ground waters is a useful way to identify performing reactions in aquifers and also in recognizing effective natural and anthropogenic polluting factors in these sources. In order to study surface and ground waters quality of shahid Hashemi- Nejad gas refinery region, ...
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Hydrogeochemistry of surface and ground waters is a useful way to identify performing reactions in aquifers and also in recognizing effective natural and anthropogenic polluting factors in these sources. In order to study surface and ground waters quality of shahid Hashemi- Nejad gas refinery region, located 35 km south of Sarakhs town, 17 water samples were collected. Parameters of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were measured in the field, and water samples were analyzed for major anions and cations concentrations in geochemical lab. Using Piper diagram, sodium sulfate and sodium chloride type and facies were determined for the water samples. Ca2+/Mg2+v.as Mg2+ ,Ca2+/Ca2++Mg2+v.as SO42-/SO42-+HCO3- compound diagrams, total hardness and PCO2 proved carbonates dissolution. Na+/Na++Cl-, Ca2+/Ca2++SO42-,HCO3-/Σ anions, HCO3-/SiO2 , SiO2/Na++K+-Cl-, Na++K+and SO42-+Cl-ionic ratios determined factors such as ion exchange, dissolution of Gypsum, Halite and sulfates of sodium-potassium, and weathering of carbonates and silicates as the most important effective parameters on chemical composition of water sources in this area. In Log(aCa2+/a(H+)2)andLog(aMg2+/a(H+)2) v.asLog (aNa+/a(H+)2) diagrams, which are used for specifying soluble silicate minerals in water, all water samples showed the dissolution of Kaolinite except two samples which were located at clinochlore mineral zone. Calculating saturation indices using PHREEQC software proved that Calcite and Dolomite mineral had supersaturation, Halite and Anhydrite undersaturation and Gypsum mineral supersaturation, undersaturation and equilibrium states in all samples. Schoeller and Wilcox diagrams pointed unsuitable quality for drinking and agricultural usages for these water sources. In fact, because of formations presence with high solubility that lay out in large amount of surface, water resources in this area have not suitable quality, and on the other hand shallow water level and high temperature intensify it. Based on obtained results, natural factors have major role in quality area’s water resources.
j Darvishi Khatouni; R Lak; A Mohammadi
Abstract
The Lake Urmia is the greatest hyper saline Lake in the world. This lake, located in Azerbaijan area, Northwest of Iran is an intra-continental sedimentary basin. Its area is about 6000 km2 with an average water depth of 6 meters. Hydrochemistry of the water resources of the basin showed mainly chloridic ...
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The Lake Urmia is the greatest hyper saline Lake in the world. This lake, located in Azerbaijan area, Northwest of Iran is an intra-continental sedimentary basin. Its area is about 6000 km2 with an average water depth of 6 meters. Hydrochemistry of the water resources of the basin showed mainly chloridic and sulfidic composition due to the geology of the surrounding areas and its variable lithology and Inlet water are supplied from the permanent and seasonal rivers. The hydrochemical investigations were carried out over a time period from 2007 to 2012 using previously published data together with newly collected water samples. 120 samples were collected during 6 years. The analaysis results showed Na-Mg-Cl type of the brinefrom 2007 to 2010, which is comparable with the Great Salt Lake in the USA. The chemical composition of lake in 2007 showed the percentage of sodium is higher than Magnesium. In 2011 and 2012 water composition is HCO3<<Ca+Mg. That is, the path of brine composition on the Eugster and Hardie flow diagram has changed from row III2b (Na-Mg-Cl) to (Mg-Na-Cl) in 2011 and 2012 after halite crystallization and may finally result in Mg-Cl-SO4 brine type in the future. The Sodium to Magnesium ratio is 5.12 in 2007. However, this amount in 2011 is 0.68 and 0.56 in 2012. In future, with Increasing ofevaporation, the Magnesium to sodium ratio increases and chemical compositions of the brine in the north and south of the Shahid Kalantari Highway experience more difference.
H. R. Nassery; Z. Kayhomayoon; M. Nakhaei
Abstract
Hydrochemical properties of water resources in Lenjanat plain and the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors have been determined. For this purpose, 162 water samples including groundwater, surface water and industrial wastewater seasonally in 1387 were collected. The results of field and laboratory ...
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Hydrochemical properties of water resources in Lenjanat plain and the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors have been determined. For this purpose, 162 water samples including groundwater, surface water and industrial wastewater seasonally in 1387 were collected. The results of field and laboratory measurements of physicochemical parameters, major, minor and trace elements show that the high EC (561-11390 μS/cm) in groundwater is due to high concentration of major elements (Na, Ca, Cl and SO4). Specific elements of evaporates and carbonate deposits (B, Ba, Br, Sr, I and Li) are higher concentrations than the other minor and trace elements measured in the aquifer. Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF), hydrogeochemical graphs, certain ratios and saturation index from geochemical modeling indicates that the dissolution of evaporation deposits (halite and gypsum) and cation exchange are the most important processes affecting the chemical composition of groundwater. The results of applying statistical techniques (factor and cluster analysis) confirmed water/rock interaction in the aquifer and show the effect of human activities on groundwater quality by increasing NO3 ion. Concentration of nitrogen compounds and the presence of bacteria indicate the impact of agricultural, industrial and domestic wastewater on the Zayandehrud River. Industrial sewage has no affect on groundwater quality.
