Hydrology
Soraya Nouri -Sangarab; Asghar Asghari - Moghaddam; Nasser Jabraeeli-Andrian
Abstract
Recently, due to the trend of decreasing rainfall and increasing groundwater pumping rate, there have been concerns about the risks caused by the decrease in the volume of aquifer reserves and the drop in the groundwater level, and as a consequence the land subsidence. Also, in Ajabshir plain due to ...
Read More
Recently, due to the trend of decreasing rainfall and increasing groundwater pumping rate, there have been concerns about the risks caused by the decrease in the volume of aquifer reserves and the drop in the groundwater level, and as a consequence the land subsidence. Also, in Ajabshir plain due to a gradual decrease in the water level, it is necessary to estimate the subsidence and investigate the subsidence potential to prevent its harmful risks in the future. For this purpose, using the ALPRIFT framework, which includes seven layers of parameters affecting subsidence, the subsidence potential map was zoned. The subsidence potential index was obtained in low and moderate ranges. In the next step, using Sentinel-1 satellite images, the subsidence during the years 2020-2021 was estimated to be 2.4 cm, which had a significant correlation with the groundwater level of the water year 2020-2021 and subsidence potential. In addition, artificial intelligence optimization methods including fuzzy logic (Sugeno) and genetic algorithm were used in order to fix the defects of applying expert opinions and increase the correlation between subsidence (Insar) and ALPRIFT, among these models, Sugeno's fuzzy method provided the best correlation between the two subsidence maps and ALPRIFT. The correlation between subsidence with ALPRIFT, ALPRIFT-GA and ALPRIFT-SFL was obtained as 0.46, 0.62 and 0.72 respectively.
Hydrology
Masoud Morsali
Abstract
Prediction of groundwater inflow into tunnels during excavation is one of the most important problems of tunneling projects. There are many analytical and empirical methods to predict the amount of groundwater entering the tunnels, which are generally not highly accurate. Permeability and water head ...
Read More
Prediction of groundwater inflow into tunnels during excavation is one of the most important problems of tunneling projects. There are many analytical and empirical methods to predict the amount of groundwater entering the tunnels, which are generally not highly accurate. Permeability and water head are the main affecting parameters in estimation of groundwater inflow in current prediction methods. Due to the complexity of the geological and hydrogeological conditions of hard rock formations, it is necessary to enter other geological factors to estimate groundwater inflow into the tunnel. In this paper, for the first time, Geomorphological Rock Mass Strength (GRMS) classification is used as a criterion for estimating the groundwater entering the tunnel. The obtained data from two tunnels in different geological setting were used to study the effect of rock mass classification parameter on estimation of groundwater entering the tunnel. The results show that for both tunnels, GRMS have a significant correlation with the amounts of groundwater inflow into the tunnels.
Hydrology
Elham EbrahimZadeh; Ebrahim Rahimi; Vahid Gagheri
Abstract
Identifying landslide-prone areas provides a basis for slope-stabilization and mitigation programs. In Hablehroud watershed, artificial neural network and fuzzy logic (FL) as one of the methods of multicriteria-decision analysis based on ArcGIS were used in the scientific evaluation of landslide-prone ...
Read More
Identifying landslide-prone areas provides a basis for slope-stabilization and mitigation programs. In Hablehroud watershed, artificial neural network and fuzzy logic (FL) as one of the methods of multicriteria-decision analysis based on ArcGIS were used in the scientific evaluation of landslide-prone areas. For this purpose, MATLAB, IDRISI and ArcGIS software were used. After preparing landslide-susceptibility maps, the prone zones predicted by FL and multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) were compared with the Hablehroud landslide database (distribution map). The results indicate a good overlap between the prone zones predicted by the MLP-ANN and landslide field observations. Finally, the performance of different methods in generating landslide-susceptibility maps were compared to each other using the validation indicators of "quality-sum index (Qs)" and "receiver-operating-characteristic curve (ROC)" to specify the optimal and applicable method for the landslide risk management of the Hablehroud watershed. By analyzing the obtained zoning maps and considering the Qs and "area-under curve (AUC)" values of different FL operators and MLP-ANN for the landslide-susceptibility maps, it is observed that the Qs (1.6299) and AUC (0.806–very good) values of the MLP-ANN are higher than those calculated for the sensitivity maps by different FL operators.
Hydrology
Mohamad Hosein Mahmudy Gharaie; Najmeh Rokhashmah; Asadollah Mahboubi; Seyed Reza Moussavi Harami
Abstract
The aims of this study are water quality assessment for drinking and industrial usages with refer to affective factors on water chemistry in North of Quchan plain, Razavi Khorasan province. 17 groundwater samples were collected for major cations (Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+) and anions (HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-) analysis. ...
Read More
The aims of this study are water quality assessment for drinking and industrial usages with refer to affective factors on water chemistry in North of Quchan plain, Razavi Khorasan province. 17 groundwater samples were collected for major cations (Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+) and anions (HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-) analysis. According to Piper diagram, chemical composition of water samples is 29.4% Ca-SO4, 23.5% Na-SO4, 23.5% Mg-SO4, 11.8% Na-HCO3 and 5.8% Mg-HCO3. Based on Gibbs diagram, the main controlling process of the water composition is mainly water-rock interactions (weathering), rather than evaporation and precipitation. Schoeller diagram shows that most of water samples are categorized in moderate and acceptable classes. Also, based on water quality index (WQI), 70.59 % water samples are suitable for drinking usage. Increasing in SO42- concentration reduced the water quality for drinking purposes. Langelier index (LSI) shows 82.35 % water samples are scale forming and 17.65 % are corrosive. Scale forming of the water are due to high TH induced by carbonate dissolution (of Mozdouran and Tirgan Formations). In addition, corrosive property of some water samples is due to gypsum dissolution (from Shoorigeh Formation) and increasing of sulfate concentration in the groundwater.
Hydrology
Ghazaleh Mohebbi Tafreshi; Mohammad Nakhaei; razieh Lak
Abstract
Land subsidence is a nonlinear and complex process that data-driven computational intelligence models can model it. In this study, the accuracy and efficiency of hybrid fuzzy logic gene expression planning hybrid model in estimating land subsidence risk and its factors in Varamin aquifer standardized. ...
Read More
Land subsidence is a nonlinear and complex process that data-driven computational intelligence models can model it. In this study, the accuracy and efficiency of hybrid fuzzy logic gene expression planning hybrid model in estimating land subsidence risk and its factors in Varamin aquifer standardized. For this purpose, after selecting and gathering information from 15 factors affecting the subsidence event based on research records in the GIS environment, they were first standardized by fuzzy membership functions and then gene expression programming method was used to integrate the layers. Finally, using seven important statistical benchmarks based on radar image data, the model was validated in 4 different scenarios in input data and operators. The results showed scenario 1 with input parameters of bedrock level, Debi of pumping wells, groundwater drawdown, geology and operators, +, - ×, ÷, sqr, exp, Ln, ^ 2, ^ 3,3Rt, sin, cos, Atan, is the best model in training and testing. Accordingly, the groundwater drawdown parameter had the highest effect on land subsidence in the study area.
Hydrology
hojat miranimoghadam; Gholam Hossein Karami; Rahim Bagheri
Abstract
Gonabad area is an arid region where 19.5 mcm of groundwater is annually extracted from 26 qanats. Six major qanats were sampled for hydrochemical and isotopic analyses to determine the origin and flow mechanism of the groundwater.The total dissolved solids vary from 524 to 2375 mg/l. The dominant water ...
Read More
Gonabad area is an arid region where 19.5 mcm of groundwater is annually extracted from 26 qanats. Six major qanats were sampled for hydrochemical and isotopic analyses to determine the origin and flow mechanism of the groundwater.The total dissolved solids vary from 524 to 2375 mg/l. The dominant water types are Na+-Mg2+-HCO3- and Na+-Cl-. The groundwater is saturated with regard to carbonate minerals and under-saturated with regard to evaporate minerals. This means that the composition of the groundwater is highly controlled by the dissolution of carbonate rocks. The deuterium and oxygen 18 isotopes signatures demonstrate the meteoric origin of the groundwater and the flow mechanism is direct infiltration of precipitation before evaporation through fractures in the limestone formations and infiltration of surface water in the coarse grain alluvial cones at the south of the plain. The groundwater recharge originates from an area between 2000 to 2700 m a.s.l. The groundwater of these qanats has depleted stable isotopes in the wet season due to recharge through the infiltration of precipitation and has enriched stable isotopes in the dry season due to recharge through the return flow of qanats and springs used for agricultural activities in the south of the basin.
Hydrology
Asghar Asgharai Moghaddam; Ata Allah Nadiri; Faiba Sadeghi Aghdam
Abstract
Naqadeh plain located in the southwestern part of Urmia Lake has suitable water resources. In recent years, agricultural development and increasing industrial units, in addition to inadequate disposal of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater to the Gedar River, increase the risk of groundwater ...
Read More
Naqadeh plain located in the southwestern part of Urmia Lake has suitable water resources. In recent years, agricultural development and increasing industrial units, in addition to inadequate disposal of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater to the Gedar River, increase the risk of groundwater contamination. In order to monitor the groundwater resources of this plain, 33 water samples from exploitation wells were collected during July 2016. Hydrochemical parameters and the concentration of the major, minor and heavy metals elements of collected samples were analyzed. In order to identify the origin of heavy metals and the related geogenic and anthropogenic pollution sources of them, hydrochemical diagrams, statistical analysis, spatial distribution maps and geological interpretations were used. The results indicate the concentration of some parameters including EC, and heavy metals include, Fe, Mn, and Al are higher than the international standard limits. HPI was used to understand the drinking quality of groundwater resources in regard to the concentrations of six heavy metals. Classification results show a good quality for 70% and inadequate quality for 30% of the samples. The total HPI index of Naqadeh plain is 23.24, which is lower than its critical values(100). Also, the highest HPI of sampling points with values of 161,220 and 871 threaten human health. High concentrations of heavy metals can be related to the dissolution of geological formations, mining of iron ore, and the activity of industrial units and the condensation of elements in groundwater due to high evaporation in areas with a low depth of groundwater.
Hydrology
Mostafa Naderi
Abstract
The Dorudzan dam inflow is assessed using SWAT under climate change. The daily simulated precipitation and temperature data by 22 general circulation models under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are downscaled at five climatic stations using LARS-WG statistical model and transient change factors approach. ...
Read More
The Dorudzan dam inflow is assessed using SWAT under climate change. The daily simulated precipitation and temperature data by 22 general circulation models under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are downscaled at five climatic stations using LARS-WG statistical model and transient change factors approach. The precipitation over the watershed will decrease from 668 mm during the observation period to 572, 509 and 529 mm under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively (14.4%, 23.8% and 20.8%). The mean annual evapotranspiration will increase by 30%-36% due to increased mean annual temperature by 1.7-3.3 ℃ under three RCPs. The mean annual inflow will decrease from 28.6 m3/s to 16.7, 11.44 and 12 m3/s under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively (42%, 60% and 58%). The mean monthly reservoir volume will decrease from 490 MCM to 350, 232 and 247 MCM under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively while the dam outflow will decrease from 60 MCM/month to 43.3, 29 and 30.9 MCM/month, respectively due to the precipitation reduction by 160 mm (24%) and evapotranspiration increase by 100 mm (36%) over the watershed. The reduction of reservoir volume will intensify the downstream water shortage and crisis in the future.
Hydrology
hassan zia; Goliam Hossan Karami; Ali Taheri
Abstract
Estimation recharge is an important parameter in the hydrogeological study that used for water budget. Recharge potential map prepared based on spatial maps of eight major influencing factors on groundwater recharge rates (lithology, slope value, aspect, drainage density, precipitation, fracture density, ...
Read More
Estimation recharge is an important parameter in the hydrogeological study that used for water budget. Recharge potential map prepared based on spatial maps of eight major influencing factors on groundwater recharge rates (lithology, slope value, aspect, drainage density, precipitation, fracture density, karstification and epikarst) were integrated using GIS after expertise judgment. The study area has been classified into four zones with potential recharge of 15, 25, 35 and 45 percent. The extent of each zone was determined 251, 879, 943 and 200 km2, respectively. The average potential recharge was 30% in the study area. According to potential recharge and average of annual precipitation (164 mm), the total recharge in the Shotori mountains was estimated to be 122 million cubic meters (MCM) and about 25 MCM from that volume were discharged from springs and abstraction wells and remaining volume (87 MCM) is recharging to adjacent aquifers. Ezmigan, Ganbar, and Korit are the major karstic springs that drain the Shotori Mountain with the mean discharge rate of 63, 60 and 24 lit/s and electrical conductivity values of 601, 1640 and 825 µS/cm respectively. The estimated catchment area based on the recharge rate in comparison to the evaluated catchments by geological, stratigraphical methods showed that the difference is less than 15%, which confirms the estimated amount of recharge.
Hydrology
Shahrokh Norallahi; A. Asghari Moghaddam; Fijani Elham; Rahim Barzegar
Abstract
In recent decades, due to growth of population and qancequently increasing demand for drinking, agriculture and industry purposes has led to consider the groundwater as the most important resource of water in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality of the groundwater in the ...
Read More
In recent decades, due to growth of population and qancequently increasing demand for drinking, agriculture and industry purposes has led to consider the groundwater as the most important resource of water in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality of the groundwater in the area, along with its quantity. The objectives of this study are to investigate the possible origin of some heavy metals in the groundwater of Mashgin-Shahr plain using multivariate statistical methods including cluster analysis and factor analysis along with correlation coefficient as well as identification of factors affecting groundwater quality in the area. For this purpose, 25 groundwater samples were collected in October 2016, and measured with respect to pH, electrical conductivity, major (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, carbonate, and bicarbonate) and minor (nitrate, fluoride and silica) ions and some heavy metals/metalloid such as iron, manganese, aluminum, zinc, chromium, copper, cadmium, lead and arsenic. The analyzes show that processes such as weathering and dissolution of evaporatic and silicate formations, ion exchange and agricultural activities are effective on the groundwater quality of the area. The results of multivariate analysis show that most of the heavy are originated from volcanic formations in the area and salinity and acidity play an important role in releasing them into the groundwater. Factor analysis indicates that geogenic processes with a total of 79.9 % of variance and anthropogenic factors with a total of 6.6 % of variance control the groundwater chemistry.
Hydrology
babak najafiha; vlademer V.R.Boynagryan,
Abstract
The Caspian Sea is the greatest Lake in the world. It witness substantial fluctuation during the geological time. The study area located in Mazandran Province at south east of Caspian Sea. In this study effects of sea level fluctuation on south east of Caspian sea (Miankhaleh spit and ...
Read More
The Caspian Sea is the greatest Lake in the world. It witness substantial fluctuation during the geological time. The study area located in Mazandran Province at south east of Caspian Sea. In this study effects of sea level fluctuation on south east of Caspian sea (Miankhaleh spit and Gorgan Bay) has been studied in detail. The present research is a combination of field investigation, together with photometry , study of aerial photos and satellite image interpretations belong to a period of 40 years. The effect of the sea water fluctuation from 1975 to 2014 on the size of Gorgan Bay, sandy Miankhaleh split, along with construction of protective walls, breakwaters, inundation of agriculture land, roads and land use change have been discussed and investigated.
Hydrology
Somayeh Esmaeili; Rahim Barzegar; Naeimeh Kazemian
Abstract
Qareh-Ziaeddin plain is located in the West Azarbaijan province, Northwest of Iran. The aim of this study is to investigate the effective factors and processes on the groundwater chemical quality of Qareh-Ziaeddin plain. For this purpose, 20 water samples were collected from groundwater resources in ...
Read More
Qareh-Ziaeddin plain is located in the West Azarbaijan province, Northwest of Iran. The aim of this study is to investigate the effective factors and processes on the groundwater chemical quality of Qareh-Ziaeddin plain. For this purpose, 20 water samples were collected from groundwater resources in November 2016 and the concentration of the major ions, nitrate and silica was measured. Also, the pH and electrical conductivity of the samples were measured in the field. In this study, different bivariate and hydrochemical diagrams, chloro-alkaline index, saturation index and inverse modeling were used to achieve the mentioned goal. The results of the bivariate diagrams show that the saltwater intrusion from irrigation return flows, cation exchange, weathering and dissolution of rock minerals specially carbonates, silicates, gypsum and halite, and evaporation process, in a small amount, are the effective factors on the chemical quality of the groundwater in the study area. The calculated Chloro-alkaline indices indicate that these indices are negative in all samples, which reveal the normal ion exchange. The water samples are super-saturated with regards to the carbonate and quartz minerals, whereas are under-saturated with respect to the sulfate and halite minerals. The results of inverse geochemical modeling confirm weathering and dissolution of the carbonate, sulfate and halite minerals and ion exchange in different parts of the aquifer.
Hydrology
A. Shemshaki; Gh. H. Karami
Abstract
The water level of Urmia lake during the last twenty years has been significantly declining. Along with changes in quantity, water quality has also substantially changed. In this article, attempts has been made to identify the relationship between water quality and quantity to have a better understanding ...
Read More
The water level of Urmia lake during the last twenty years has been significantly declining. Along with changes in quantity, water quality has also substantially changed. In this article, attempts has been made to identify the relationship between water quality and quantity to have a better understanding of the changing history of the lake during the geological past. This can help to better explore the risk factors influencing the drying process of the lake. This understanding can therefore be employed to appropriate planning and management procedures in order to revive this lake effectively. Based on this study, the lake water in the levels higher than 1286 meters (MSL) is brackish to fresh and is not of saline type. Thus, it seems that, in the late Pleistocene, the lake water was of a fresh type where the water level was higher than 1297 meters. The study revealed that the lake become to a playa-type environment in water level of about 1273 MSL. The present water level of 1270 meters suggests that the lake has a dominantly playa-type environment. In this environment, increase in precipitation and inflows will lead to a rapid increase in reservoir volume; and vice versa, a stop or decrease in the precipitation and inflows with an increase of temperature and evaporation will lead to a rapid reduction in reservoir volume. This study estimates that a volume of over 9.5 billion cubic meters of water is necessary to revive the Urmia Lake.