Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Dynamic Analysis of Fractures in North of Torud – Moalleman Area (Central Iran, East South of Damghan)Dynamic Analysis of Fractures in North of Torud – Moalleman Area (Central Iran, East South of Damghan)3165457710.22071/gsj.2010.54577FAA. KeynezhadFaculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Campus, Tehran, IranM. PourkermaniIslamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-3445-760XM. ArianFaculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Campus, Tehran, IranA. SaeediResearch Institute of Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranM. LotfiResearch Institute of Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090111<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Detailed geological and structural analysis of north of Torud-Moalleman area (Central Iran), between Anjilu fault in north and Torud fault in the south, led to tectonic elements of this limit such as fractures and relative of their mechanism with left lateral sheared zone of two main faults. This study provides a movement system of Chalu, Gandi and Hafez faults in this shear zone. On the basis of kinematics findings and using general methods of fault slip analysis (orientation of slip plane, slip vector, shape of stress ellipsoid and angle of internal friction) region stress field were calculated after determining the angle of internal friction for each one of fault limits. Then, the main stress orientation determinates for combination data that values of ،وwere 195/10, 339/78 and 104/07 respectively. The shape of stress ellipsoid was defined on the basis of shape factor, [R= (-) / (-)], (Angelier, 1975). The R-value for whole studied regions was about 0.5 and deformation type was mainly left lateral transpressional with reverse component. Such results are evident from N-NE (N195) trending in the region and northward movement of the lithosphere. These finding are in line with field research results of fractures, faults and mechanism in this general shear zone. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Detailed geological and structural analysis of north of Torud-Moalleman area (Central Iran), between Anjilu fault in north and Torud fault in the south, led to tectonic elements of this limit such as fractures and relative of their mechanism with left lateral sheared zone of two main faults. This study provides a movement system of Chalu, Gandi and Hafez faults in this shear zone. On the basis of kinematics findings and using general methods of fault slip analysis (orientation of slip plane, slip vector, shape of stress ellipsoid and angle of internal friction) region stress field were calculated after determining the angle of internal friction for each one of fault limits. Then, the main stress orientation determinates for combination data that values of ،وwere 195/10, 339/78 and 104/07 respectively. The shape of stress ellipsoid was defined on the basis of shape factor, [R= (-) / (-)], (Angelier, 1975). The R-value for whole studied regions was about 0.5 and deformation type was mainly left lateral transpressional with reverse component. Such results are evident from N-NE (N195) trending in the region and northward movement of the lithosphere. These finding are in line with field research results of fractures, faults and mechanism in this general shear zone. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Multi Disciplinary Approach for Seismic Microzonation of Bam CityMulti Disciplinary Approach for Seismic Microzonation of Bam City17265458010.22071/gsj.2010.54580FAS. Hashemi TabatabaeiBuilding and Housing Research Center, Tehran, IranA. MohamadiBuilding and Housing Research Center, Tehran, Iran.A. S. SalamatBuilding and Housing Research Center, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20100131<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake struck Bam city on 12/26/2004. Seismic microzonation of Bam city started with the aim to determine engineering geological and geotechnical characteristic in order to reduce the future earthquake disasters. The seismic microzonation included geoelectric, geoseismic, geotechnic, seismotechtonic, hazard analysis and geotechnical earthquake engineering. Based on seismic results and Standard No. 2800, Bam city can be classified as "Site class I" and " II" .Depth of the seismic bedrock throughout the city approximately is less than 30 m except some portion of central part. The subsurface geotechnical investigation was carried by continuous coring, ten types of soil were identified and their surface and subsurface distributions were mapped. Site response analysis was performed to determine various parameters such as peak acceleration, period corresponding to maximum resonance and coefficient of amplification for various return periods throughout the study area. Results indicated that Bam city can be divided in to four zones with different designed spectra. Some of the design spectra of Bam city were compared with Eurocode and Standard No. 2800.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake struck Bam city on 12/26/2004. Seismic microzonation of Bam city started with the aim to determine engineering geological and geotechnical characteristic in order to reduce the future earthquake disasters. The seismic microzonation included geoelectric, geoseismic, geotechnic, seismotechtonic, hazard analysis and geotechnical earthquake engineering. Based on seismic results and Standard No. 2800, Bam city can be classified as "Site class I" and " II" .Depth of the seismic bedrock throughout the city approximately is less than 30 m except some portion of central part. The subsurface geotechnical investigation was carried by continuous coring, ten types of soil were identified and their surface and subsurface distributions were mapped. Site response analysis was performed to determine various parameters such as peak acceleration, period corresponding to maximum resonance and coefficient of amplification for various return periods throughout the study area. Results indicated that Bam city can be divided in to four zones with different designed spectra. Some of the design spectra of Bam city were compared with Eurocode and Standard No. 2800.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Palaeobathymetry of the Ziarat-Kola Section at the Upper Maastrichtian, Central Alborz, through Planktonic and Benthic ForaminiferaPalaeobathymetry of the Ziarat-Kola Section at the Upper Maastrichtian, Central Alborz, through Planktonic and Benthic Foraminifera27345458510.22071/gsj.2010.54585FAM. Asgharian RostamiDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranE. Ghasemi-NejadSchool of Geology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranM. Shafiee ArdestaniDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-4872-7220Journal Article20081122<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">At this research are studied late cretaceous sediments at Ziarat-kola section, Central Alborz, in order to Palaeobathymetry and sea level change. These sediments are with about 200m thickness consist of monotonous Marl and limy marl. Based on Planktonic foraminifera gain Upper Maastrichtian stage (<em>Abathomphalus mayaroensis </em>zone). In order toPalaeobathymetry and sea level change used to three methods common consisting of morphotype Planktonic foraminifera, ratio Planktonic foraminifera to benthic foraminifera and assigning genus and benthic foraminifera species. With morphotype analysis was indicated that third morphotype which are more deep index increase at the initial part and first morphotype that are shallow index increasing at middle section. In this manner, depth change was examinated to use two genus, <em>Globotruncana</em> (deep dweller) and <em>Pseudoguembelina</em> (Mixed layer dweller). In orther to assign paleodepth at this area used to Planktonic foraminifera to total foraminifera minus infaunal Benthic foraminifera and the regression equation [<strong>Depth</strong> = e <sup>(3. 58718 + (0. 03534 × %*p)</sup>].examination genus and Benthic foraminifera species depth index and such results gain at above method were indicating that this sediments in upper bathyal and middle bathyal. Thus, results indicate that beginning and end of are deeper from middle section.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">At this research are studied late cretaceous sediments at Ziarat-kola section, Central Alborz, in order to Palaeobathymetry and sea level change. These sediments are with about 200m thickness consist of monotonous Marl and limy marl. Based on Planktonic foraminifera gain Upper Maastrichtian stage (<em>Abathomphalus mayaroensis </em>zone). In order toPalaeobathymetry and sea level change used to three methods common consisting of morphotype Planktonic foraminifera, ratio Planktonic foraminifera to benthic foraminifera and assigning genus and benthic foraminifera species. With morphotype analysis was indicated that third morphotype which are more deep index increase at the initial part and first morphotype that are shallow index increasing at middle section. In this manner, depth change was examinated to use two genus, <em>Globotruncana</em> (deep dweller) and <em>Pseudoguembelina</em> (Mixed layer dweller). In orther to assign paleodepth at this area used to Planktonic foraminifera to total foraminifera minus infaunal Benthic foraminifera and the regression equation [<strong>Depth</strong> = e <sup>(3. 58718 + (0. 03534 × %*p)</sup>].examination genus and Benthic foraminifera species depth index and such results gain at above method were indicating that this sediments in upper bathyal and middle bathyal. Thus, results indicate that beginning and end of are deeper from middle section.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Folding History in Laibid Metamorphic Rocks, Sanandaj-Sirjan ZoneFolding History in Laibid Metamorphic Rocks, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone35465458610.22071/gsj.2010.54586FAM. Aflaki1Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.M. MohajjelDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20081227<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Laibid (northwest Esfahan) metamorphic rocks are situated in complexly deformed sub zone of the Sanandaj-sirjan zone, in which bounding faults emplaced Permian metamorphosed, beside the younger Triassic-Jurassic metamorphic rocks. Structural study of these units reveals three deformation stages of a progressive deformation in this area. The first stage includes tight to isoclinal folds, the second stage includes open to close folds and the third one includes gentle to open folds. From the first to the third stage, fold's wavelength gradually become longer, so that their aspect ratio change respectively from tall and short, for the first stage, to broad, for the second stage, and to wide, for the third one. Superposition of these fold generations caused in coaxial interference patterns. It seems that during Late Jurassic, these three folding stages consequently formed and passively rotated in a continuous deformation condition, by gradually decreasing deformation depth. Dikes alternatively injected into the extensional fractures and through the axial plane foliation and gradually deformed in to the fold, boudin, folded boudin, and boudined fold. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Laibid (northwest Esfahan) metamorphic rocks are situated in complexly deformed sub zone of the Sanandaj-sirjan zone, in which bounding faults emplaced Permian metamorphosed, beside the younger Triassic-Jurassic metamorphic rocks. Structural study of these units reveals three deformation stages of a progressive deformation in this area. The first stage includes tight to isoclinal folds, the second stage includes open to close folds and the third one includes gentle to open folds. From the first to the third stage, fold's wavelength gradually become longer, so that their aspect ratio change respectively from tall and short, for the first stage, to broad, for the second stage, and to wide, for the third one. Superposition of these fold generations caused in coaxial interference patterns. It seems that during Late Jurassic, these three folding stages consequently formed and passively rotated in a continuous deformation condition, by gradually decreasing deformation depth. Dikes alternatively injected into the extensional fractures and through the axial plane foliation and gradually deformed in to the fold, boudin, folded boudin, and boudined fold. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Geotectonic Investigation of Early Paleozoic Magmatism inUrumieh- Dokhtar Zone (South of Kashan)Geotectonic Investigation of Early Paleozoic Magmatism inUrumieh- Dokhtar Zone (South of Kashan)47525458810.22071/gsj.2010.54588FAS. M. TabatabaeimaneshDepartment of Geology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iranhttps://orcid.org/00H. SafaeiDepartment of Geology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranA. S. MirlohiDepartment of Geology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20081027<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In south of Kashan, early Paleozoic volcanic rocks are a part of Ghohrudmountains<strong>. </strong>In Iran structural- sedimentary division, these volcanic rocks located inUrumieh- Dokhtar zone. These volcanic rocks are basic to semibasic and mostly involved basalt. Geochemical investigations of these rocks show the alkaline nature and the intra-continental rift geotectonic setting in their formation time. The Isfahan fault is a north-trending fault across the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. This fault is one of the old and basement fault that was active in the early Paleozoic. The unique present of Silurian volcanic rocks in this area can refer to the activation of the north part of this fault that was created by extension phases after Caledonian orogeny.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In south of Kashan, early Paleozoic volcanic rocks are a part of Ghohrudmountains<strong>. </strong>In Iran structural- sedimentary division, these volcanic rocks located inUrumieh- Dokhtar zone. These volcanic rocks are basic to semibasic and mostly involved basalt. Geochemical investigations of these rocks show the alkaline nature and the intra-continental rift geotectonic setting in their formation time. The Isfahan fault is a north-trending fault across the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. This fault is one of the old and basement fault that was active in the early Paleozoic. The unique present of Silurian volcanic rocks in this area can refer to the activation of the north part of this fault that was created by extension phases after Caledonian orogeny.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220New Founds in Biostratigraphy of Ilam Formation at Kuhe Assaluyeh. (Zagros Province)New Founds in Biostratigraphy of Ilam Formation at Kuhe Assaluyeh. (Zagros Province)53605459210.22071/gsj.2010.54592FAKh. KhosrotehraniIslamic Azad University (IAU), Science and Research Campus , Tehran, Iran.D. BaghbaniExploration Management of N.I.O.C., Tehran, Iran.F. KeshaniGeological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.M. OmraniIslamic Azad University (IAU), Science and Research Campus , Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20090512<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In order to study Biostratigraphy of Cenomanian – Late Campanian deposits (upper part of Sarvak Fm.,Ilam Fm. and lower part of Gurpi Fm.), kuhe Assaluyeh stratigraphic section selected. Sediments of this interval consist of limestone, argillaceous limestone and marl with thickness of 162 m. In this section Ilam Fm. in age of Santonian overlies Sarvak Fm. disconformably and is underlain by Gurpi Fm. conformably. By micropaleontological study on 55 thin sections, 5 genus and 9 species of planktonic and 16 genus and 13 species of benthic foraminifers were identified. Among distinguished foraminifers, Rotaliidae family forms were studied carefully and revised. It should be mentioned that, 5 genus and 6 species of benthic foraminifers (Rotaliid forms) were recognized in Iran for the first time (in Assaluyeh section) which consist of:<em> Rotorbinella mesogeensis,Rotorbinella campaniola,Iberorotalia reicheli,Calcarinella schaubi, Pararotalia tuberculifera and Pyrenerotalia longifolia. </em>Santonian age was determined for Ilam Fm. by identified foraminifers. In studied section, stratigraphy development of benthic foraminifers was compared by Martinez Biozones Martinez (2007). This biozones were presented on the base of Rotaliid forms for Pyrenees area in Spain. By this comparison, four biostratigraphy zones for upper part of Sarvak and Ilam Fm. are suggested.</span>
<strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In order to study Biostratigraphy of Cenomanian – Late Campanian deposits (upper part of Sarvak Fm.,Ilam Fm. and lower part of Gurpi Fm.), kuhe Assaluyeh stratigraphic section selected. Sediments of this interval consist of limestone, argillaceous limestone and marl with thickness of 162 m. In this section Ilam Fm. in age of Santonian overlies Sarvak Fm. disconformably and is underlain by Gurpi Fm. conformably. By micropaleontological study on 55 thin sections, 5 genus and 9 species of planktonic and 16 genus and 13 species of benthic foraminifers were identified. Among distinguished foraminifers, Rotaliidae family forms were studied carefully and revised. It should be mentioned that, 5 genus and 6 species of benthic foraminifers (Rotaliid forms) were recognized in Iran for the first time (in Assaluyeh section) which consist of:<em> Rotorbinella mesogeensis,Rotorbinella campaniola,Iberorotalia reicheli,Calcarinella schaubi, Pararotalia tuberculifera and Pyrenerotalia longifolia. </em>Santonian age was determined for Ilam Fm. by identified foraminifers. In studied section, stratigraphy development of benthic foraminifers was compared by Martinez Biozones Martinez (2007). This biozones were presented on the base of Rotaliid forms for Pyrenees area in Spain. By this comparison, four biostratigraphy zones for upper part of Sarvak and Ilam Fm. are suggested.</span>
<strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></strong>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Structural Style of High Zagros Zone Based on Thrust Fault System in Southeast KermanshahStructural Style of High Zagros Zone Based on Thrust Fault System in Southeast Kermanshah61685459810.22071/gsj.2010.54598FAR. ElyaszadehDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.M. MohajjelDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20081227<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">High Zagros zone in southeast Kermanshah is bordered between two Radiolarite and Zagros Fold Belt and consist of abundant NW-SE trending thrust faults and folds sub-parallel to Zagros fold belt. Several structural cross-sections were prepared in NE-SW direction perpendicular to the trend of the structures. Main thrusts were cut by some local strike-slip faults due to difference in their displacement. The Kohsefid thrust fault (FA) is one of the main thrusts that divide the northern Radiolarite zone from the High Zagros Zone. This fault is limiting the southern boundary of the Radiolarite zone. It displaced as a reverse fault during contraction tectonic in Late Cretaceous. The flysh facies of Amiran formation in Zagros Fold Belt with Paleocene age contain radiolarite fragments and confirms this event. It seems that the Garo Formation plays a detachment surface role for these thrusts in the High Zagros zone. The foreland in Zagros, commenced to deform by thrusting and folding in Late Cretaceous in the High Zagros zone and by later collision of the Arabian plate with the Iranian plate, rock units in the Zagros Fold Belt were deformed.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">High Zagros zone in southeast Kermanshah is bordered between two Radiolarite and Zagros Fold Belt and consist of abundant NW-SE trending thrust faults and folds sub-parallel to Zagros fold belt. Several structural cross-sections were prepared in NE-SW direction perpendicular to the trend of the structures. Main thrusts were cut by some local strike-slip faults due to difference in their displacement. The Kohsefid thrust fault (FA) is one of the main thrusts that divide the northern Radiolarite zone from the High Zagros Zone. This fault is limiting the southern boundary of the Radiolarite zone. It displaced as a reverse fault during contraction tectonic in Late Cretaceous. The flysh facies of Amiran formation in Zagros Fold Belt with Paleocene age contain radiolarite fragments and confirms this event. It seems that the Garo Formation plays a detachment surface role for these thrusts in the High Zagros zone. The foreland in Zagros, commenced to deform by thrusting and folding in Late Cretaceous in the High Zagros zone and by later collision of the Arabian plate with the Iranian plate, rock units in the Zagros Fold Belt were deformed.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Petrogenesis of Southern Amlash Alkaline Rocks in the South Caspian Sea, North of IranPetrogenesis of Southern Amlash Alkaline Rocks in the South Caspian Sea, North of Iran69785459910.22071/gsj.2010.54599FAF. ZaeimniaFaculty of Geology, College of Science, Tehran University, Tehran, IranA. KananianFaculty of Geology, College of Science, Tehran University, Tehran, IranM. SalavatyDepartment of Geology, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, Lahijan, IranJournal Article20080825South Amlash alkaline rocks, located in south of Caspian Sea, occur like small and discrete bodies within the Cretaceous igneous rock association which is a small part of Gorgan-Rasht tectonic zone. These rocks crop out as large-volume pillow lavas and homogeneous fine- to coarse- grained gabbros and are essentially composed of Clinopyroxene (augite), plagioclase and relatively abundant small apatite needles. Geochemical data clearly identifies an enrichment of LREE and positive anomalies of Nb and Ti suggesting an intra-plate ocean island (OIB) tectonic setting. Considering the LREE/HREE ratio and some of other incompatible element contents, it seems that the alkaline rocks are probably derived from a garnet lehrzolitic mantle.South Amlash alkaline rocks, located in south of Caspian Sea, occur like small and discrete bodies within the Cretaceous igneous rock association which is a small part of Gorgan-Rasht tectonic zone. These rocks crop out as large-volume pillow lavas and homogeneous fine- to coarse- grained gabbros and are essentially composed of Clinopyroxene (augite), plagioclase and relatively abundant small apatite needles. Geochemical data clearly identifies an enrichment of LREE and positive anomalies of Nb and Ti suggesting an intra-plate ocean island (OIB) tectonic setting. Considering the LREE/HREE ratio and some of other incompatible element contents, it seems that the alkaline rocks are probably derived from a garnet lehrzolitic mantle.Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Petrogenesis of Plio-Quaternary Post-Collisional Potassic and Ultra-Potassic Rocks in Northwest MarandPetrogenesis of Plio-Quaternary Post-Collisional Potassic and Ultra-Potassic Rocks in Northwest Marand79865460210.22071/gsj.2010.54602FAG. AhmadzadehDepartment of Hydrology, Agriculture Faculty, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IranA. JahangiriDepartment of Geology, Natural Science Faculty, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.M. MojtahediDepartment of Geology, Natural Science Faculty, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.D. LentzDepartment of Geology, University of New Brunswick, Canada.Journal Article20081006<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this paper the study of Plio-Quaternary post-collisional magmatism in northwest of Iran and northwest of Marand is considered. The studied Potassic and ultrapotassic (UP) alkaline rocks were erupted at northern part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc (UDMA). The studied rocks dispaly microlithic porphyritic texture with phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, leucite, and plagioclase ± biotite ± olivine. The UP volcanic rocks are mostly silica undersatuated with normative nephline, high Mg# and high K<sub>2</sub>O/Na<sub>2</sub>O ratios. They characterized with significant enrichment in LILEs and LREEs and depletion in high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta and Ti. Exhibit high Ba/Nb (41-60) and Ba/Ta (682-1139) ratios, which are a typical feature of subduction. With considering end of subduction (upper cretaceouse) and stratigraphic age of studed rocks (plio-quaternary), we can say that these rocks has formed in post collisional environment and metasomatic mantle due to addition of volatiles and incompatible elements lead to enrichment of these magmas. And in fact we can say that the subduction properties of these rocks inherited from an ancient subduction. On the otherhand, high contents of LILE such as Th and Ba and Ba/Nb, Ba/Ta ratios indicate the involvement of crustal components in genesis of these rocks by addition of crustal components to source and contamination through ascent of magma. Rare earth elements modeling indicate that they can be generated from low degree partial melting of lithospheric mantle with garnet-spinel peridotite source. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this paper the study of Plio-Quaternary post-collisional magmatism in northwest of Iran and northwest of Marand is considered. The studied Potassic and ultrapotassic (UP) alkaline rocks were erupted at northern part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc (UDMA). The studied rocks dispaly microlithic porphyritic texture with phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, leucite, and plagioclase ± biotite ± olivine. The UP volcanic rocks are mostly silica undersatuated with normative nephline, high Mg# and high K<sub>2</sub>O/Na<sub>2</sub>O ratios. They characterized with significant enrichment in LILEs and LREEs and depletion in high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta and Ti. Exhibit high Ba/Nb (41-60) and Ba/Ta (682-1139) ratios, which are a typical feature of subduction. With considering end of subduction (upper cretaceouse) and stratigraphic age of studed rocks (plio-quaternary), we can say that these rocks has formed in post collisional environment and metasomatic mantle due to addition of volatiles and incompatible elements lead to enrichment of these magmas. And in fact we can say that the subduction properties of these rocks inherited from an ancient subduction. On the otherhand, high contents of LILE such as Th and Ba and Ba/Nb, Ba/Ta ratios indicate the involvement of crustal components in genesis of these rocks by addition of crustal components to source and contamination through ascent of magma. Rare earth elements modeling indicate that they can be generated from low degree partial melting of lithospheric mantle with garnet-spinel peridotite source. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Analysis of Fractures in the Asmari Reservoir of Marun Oil Field (Zagros)Analysis of Fractures in the Asmari Reservoir of Marun Oil Field (Zagros)87965460810.22071/gsj.2010.54608FAMehran ArianDepartment of Geology, science and research branch, Islamic Azad universityR. MohammadianGeology office of National Iranian Oil Company, Ahwaz, IranJournal Article20171231<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Marun oil field is situated on the eastern part of Dezful Embayment zone (Zagros).Aghajari Formation is cropping out on the surface. Asmari formation, Bangestan and Khami Groups are the Main reservoirs in this field. Asmari formation with six reservoirs layers is the most important reservoir. Dolomitic carbonates are dominant lithology in the 1,2,3layers and so, fracture density is high, especially in the first layer(90% Dolomite).Increasing of shale and Marle Layers in the 4,5,6 layers caused to decreasing of brittle property and fracture density is low. According to this research, Marun Anticline is a fault (thrust) related fold with faulted Detachment Fold mechanism. Two major fractures system in the Marun oil field could be recognized which are regional fractures (with east-west trending) and local fractures (fold and bending related fractures). The main fractured sectors, Marun Anticline are being seen in the southern limb and the eastern part of northern limb by curvature investigation (by Differential and Graphical methods).The results of Isopermeability, RFT, PI maps are consistable with the results of fracture study in order to identification of fractured sectors in the Marun Anticline </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Marun oil field is situated on the eastern part of Dezful Embayment zone (Zagros).Aghajari Formation is cropping out on the surface. Asmari formation, Bangestan and Khami Groups are the Main reservoirs in this field. Asmari formation with six reservoirs layers is the most important reservoir. Dolomitic carbonates are dominant lithology in the 1,2,3layers and so, fracture density is high, especially in the first layer(90% Dolomite).Increasing of shale and Marle Layers in the 4,5,6 layers caused to decreasing of brittle property and fracture density is low. According to this research, Marun Anticline is a fault (thrust) related fold with faulted Detachment Fold mechanism. Two major fractures system in the Marun oil field could be recognized which are regional fractures (with east-west trending) and local fractures (fold and bending related fractures). The main fractured sectors, Marun Anticline are being seen in the southern limb and the eastern part of northern limb by curvature investigation (by Differential and Graphical methods).The results of Isopermeability, RFT, PI maps are consistable with the results of fracture study in order to identification of fractured sectors in the Marun Anticline </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Metalogenic Properties of Barik-Ab Pb-Zn (Cu) Ore Deposit with Acidic Tuff Host-Rock, west Central Alborz, Northwest of IranMetalogenic Properties of Barik-Ab Pb-Zn (Cu) Ore Deposit with Acidic Tuff Host-Rock, west Central Alborz, Northwest of Iran971045461110.22071/gsj.2010.54611FAK. Bazargani-GuilaniDepartment of Geology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, IranM. ParchekaniDepartment of Geology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, IranJournal Article20090413<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Barik-Ab Pb-Zn (Cu) ore deposit located in 2 km for front Barik-Ab village in north of Abhar town, south eastern of Zanjan province. According to the geological classification of Iran , this area located in Taroum mountains and is a part of west Alborz range , Alborz-Azarbaidjan zone or west of central Alborz with the trend of NW – SE, located in Upper Cretaceous magmatic belt. In the Taroum Mountains, the main outcrops are volcanic and pyroclastic rocks which this sequence is comparable with Karaj Formation and divided into two members. The lower member is called Kordkand (2400 m) and the Upper member named Amand (1400 m).</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Amand member is divided to 6 submembers. Submembers are Ea1, Ea2, Ea3, Ea4, Ea5, and Ea6. Outcrops in the studied Area are Ea4, Ea5 and Ea6. Barik-Ab ore deposit occurred in Ea4 which is included andesite, rhyolite, breccia tuff, tuff and sandstone and tuffacouse mudstone rocks. Host rocks are rhyolitic, dacitic and rhyodacitic tuffs. Mineralization in Barik-Ab Pb-Zn</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">(Cu</span><strong>(</strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> ore deposit divided in two stages: in the first stage mineralized hypogen ore minerals including sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite and, in second stage formed covelite , malachite , azurite hematite, goethite and limonite by enrichment processes. According to the increase of Cd and decrease of Zn/Cd in the sphalerite and galena and up value of Ag and Sb and decrease of Se/S*10-4 in the galena and the correlate with other Pb-Zn mineralization types, Barik-Ab Pb-Zn(Cu) ore deposit formed by influence of medium temperature? Hydrothermal fluids into tuff host rocks after the Eocene and mineralization occurred with veinlets and vein formed in the joints, fracture and faults with Silicification alteration in host rock. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Barik-Ab Pb-Zn (Cu) ore deposit located in 2 km for front Barik-Ab village in north of Abhar town, south eastern of Zanjan province. According to the geological classification of Iran , this area located in Taroum mountains and is a part of west Alborz range , Alborz-Azarbaidjan zone or west of central Alborz with the trend of NW – SE, located in Upper Cretaceous magmatic belt. In the Taroum Mountains, the main outcrops are volcanic and pyroclastic rocks which this sequence is comparable with Karaj Formation and divided into two members. The lower member is called Kordkand (2400 m) and the Upper member named Amand (1400 m).</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Amand member is divided to 6 submembers. Submembers are Ea1, Ea2, Ea3, Ea4, Ea5, and Ea6. Outcrops in the studied Area are Ea4, Ea5 and Ea6. Barik-Ab ore deposit occurred in Ea4 which is included andesite, rhyolite, breccia tuff, tuff and sandstone and tuffacouse mudstone rocks. Host rocks are rhyolitic, dacitic and rhyodacitic tuffs. Mineralization in Barik-Ab Pb-Zn</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">(Cu</span><strong>(</strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> ore deposit divided in two stages: in the first stage mineralized hypogen ore minerals including sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite and, in second stage formed covelite , malachite , azurite hematite, goethite and limonite by enrichment processes. According to the increase of Cd and decrease of Zn/Cd in the sphalerite and galena and up value of Ag and Sb and decrease of Se/S*10-4 in the galena and the correlate with other Pb-Zn mineralization types, Barik-Ab Pb-Zn(Cu) ore deposit formed by influence of medium temperature? Hydrothermal fluids into tuff host rocks after the Eocene and mineralization occurred with veinlets and vein formed in the joints, fracture and faults with Silicification alteration in host rock. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Investigation of the Stress Heterogeneities Using b-value in Reservoir Induced Seismicity in the Masjed Soleyman Dam Area
(South West of Iran)Investigation of the Stress Heterogeneities Using b-value in Reservoir Induced Seismicity in the Masjed Soleyman Dam Area
(South West of Iran)1051105461310.22071/gsj.2010.54613FAM. R. EbrahimiInternational Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, IranMohammad Tatarvice president for research/International Institute of earthquake Engineering and SeismologyJournal Article20090922<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Masjed Soleyman reservoir is located in Zagros Mountain of western Iran, which is one of the most seismically active zones of the Alpe-Hymalaya belt. So, it seems to be necessary to carry out widespread studies, especially on the impact of this reservoir with 177 m height and 261 million m<sup>3 </sup>capacity on occurrence of induced seismicity in the surrounding region. The Gutenberg-Richter relation is one of the well-fitted empirical relations in seismology: it represents the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes as a function of magnitude: , where <em>N</em> is the cumulative number of earthquakes with magnitude larger than <em>M</em> and <em>A</em> and <em>b</em> are constants. In this paper we used <em>b</em>-value to study the heterogeneities in the crust beneath and around the Masjed Soleyman reservoir. In order to better understanding of the impact of this reservoir on seismic activity, a local seismic network of 5 seismological stations was installed in the area on June 2006. About 1924 Seismic events recorded during a period of 15 month were used in this study. We maped both surface and cross-section view of <em>b</em>-value in the region using the computer program ZMAP. The study area was divided into grids with spacing of 0.01<sup>o</sup> in latitude and longitude. A circle was drawn around each grid point and its radius was increased until it included <em>N</em>=50 earthquakes. The <em>b</em>-value was calculated by using a maximum likelihood method for the selected 50 earthquakes and the grid point was colored corresponding to the <em>b</em>-value. The results show high value of<em> b</em>-value due to reservoir induced earthquakes beneath the Masjed Soleyan lake. The most important factors known responsible for increased heterogeneity in this area, are reservoir loading and increased pore fluid pressure that cause occurrence of swarms and heterogeneous stresses in the area.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Masjed Soleyman reservoir is located in Zagros Mountain of western Iran, which is one of the most seismically active zones of the Alpe-Hymalaya belt. So, it seems to be necessary to carry out widespread studies, especially on the impact of this reservoir with 177 m height and 261 million m<sup>3 </sup>capacity on occurrence of induced seismicity in the surrounding region. The Gutenberg-Richter relation is one of the well-fitted empirical relations in seismology: it represents the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes as a function of magnitude: , where <em>N</em> is the cumulative number of earthquakes with magnitude larger than <em>M</em> and <em>A</em> and <em>b</em> are constants. In this paper we used <em>b</em>-value to study the heterogeneities in the crust beneath and around the Masjed Soleyman reservoir. In order to better understanding of the impact of this reservoir on seismic activity, a local seismic network of 5 seismological stations was installed in the area on June 2006. About 1924 Seismic events recorded during a period of 15 month were used in this study. We maped both surface and cross-section view of <em>b</em>-value in the region using the computer program ZMAP. The study area was divided into grids with spacing of 0.01<sup>o</sup> in latitude and longitude. A circle was drawn around each grid point and its radius was increased until it included <em>N</em>=50 earthquakes. The <em>b</em>-value was calculated by using a maximum likelihood method for the selected 50 earthquakes and the grid point was colored corresponding to the <em>b</em>-value. The results show high value of<em> b</em>-value due to reservoir induced earthquakes beneath the Masjed Soleyan lake. The most important factors known responsible for increased heterogeneity in this area, are reservoir loading and increased pore fluid pressure that cause occurrence of swarms and heterogeneous stresses in the area.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Composition and Quality of Coals in the Lavij Coal Deposit,Central Alborz, IranComposition and Quality of Coals in the Lavij Coal Deposit,Central Alborz, Iran1111165461410.22071/gsj.2010.54614FAP. NaviManager of Quality Assurance, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranM. YazdiDept. of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranR. EsmailpurDept. of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranA. KhakzadDept. of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090205<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Lavij coal deposit is situated at a distance of 48 km SW of Amol, in Central Alborz coalfield, North of Iran. Lavij coal-bearing strata in Central Alborz zone are within the Upper Triassic– Lower Jurassic formation. The coal-bearing sediments in this area are called Shemshak Formation (Upper Triassic –Lower Jurassic). This Formation consists mainly of sandstone, shale, calcareous sandstone, argillite and siltstone. Several coal seams with different thickness are interbeded with these sediments. The Shemshak Formation is underlain by the Upper Middle Triassic (thick bedded to massive dolomitic limestone) oolitic limestone (Elika Formation). It is also overlain in western section by the Upper Permian cherty limestone (Nesen Formation). The present paper deals with maceral, mineral and geochemical composition of these coals. Petrographical studies showed that the main macerals of these coals are vitrinite to semivitrinite, fusinite and exinite. The minerals of these coals are mainly clays like argillite, carbonates like calcite and sulphides like pyrite.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Seven samples were analyzed from ash of coal seam in the Lavij area. The samples were analyzed by XRF and ICP-OES for major and minor elements. The data processing showed K,</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Si, Al, Ti indicating presence of quartz and clay minerals, Fe, As, Mo, Se, Pb indicating presence of sulphides like pyrite, Ca and Mg indicating the presence of carbonates and Rb, Cr, Th, Ga, Ta, Nb, V indicating presence of clay minerals. The coal contained in low ash (17%) and low moisture (1.4%) and high volatile matter (32%) as compared to other coals in central Alborz.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Lavij coal deposit is situated at a distance of 48 km SW of Amol, in Central Alborz coalfield, North of Iran. Lavij coal-bearing strata in Central Alborz zone are within the Upper Triassic– Lower Jurassic formation. The coal-bearing sediments in this area are called Shemshak Formation (Upper Triassic –Lower Jurassic). This Formation consists mainly of sandstone, shale, calcareous sandstone, argillite and siltstone. Several coal seams with different thickness are interbeded with these sediments. The Shemshak Formation is underlain by the Upper Middle Triassic (thick bedded to massive dolomitic limestone) oolitic limestone (Elika Formation). It is also overlain in western section by the Upper Permian cherty limestone (Nesen Formation). The present paper deals with maceral, mineral and geochemical composition of these coals. Petrographical studies showed that the main macerals of these coals are vitrinite to semivitrinite, fusinite and exinite. The minerals of these coals are mainly clays like argillite, carbonates like calcite and sulphides like pyrite.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Seven samples were analyzed from ash of coal seam in the Lavij area. The samples were analyzed by XRF and ICP-OES for major and minor elements. The data processing showed K,</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Si, Al, Ti indicating presence of quartz and clay minerals, Fe, As, Mo, Se, Pb indicating presence of sulphides like pyrite, Ca and Mg indicating the presence of carbonates and Rb, Cr, Th, Ga, Ta, Nb, V indicating presence of clay minerals. The coal contained in low ash (17%) and low moisture (1.4%) and high volatile matter (32%) as compared to other coals in central Alborz.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Carboniferous Conodonts Biostratigraghy in Kiyasar Region and Introduction 7 Biozones Comparable to World Standard Conodont ZonationCarboniferous Conodonts Biostratigraghy in Kiyasar Region and Introduction 7 Biozones Comparable to World Standard Conodont Zonation1171225462110.22071/gsj.2010.54621FAA. FallahResearch Institute for Earth Science, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranB. HamdiResearch Institute for Earth Science, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranH. MosaddeghSchool of Earth Science, Damghan University, Damghan, IranJournal Article20090202<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The studied section (Kiyasar)is situated in Central Alborz,75 Km. southeast of Sari. The thickness of Carboniferous sequences (Mobarak Formation) is 385 meter and consists of thin-bedded limestone at the base and various thickness of limestone (mostly with medium thickness) with intercalations of shales at the top. Because of lithological similarity and the lack of index microfossils in the uppermost of Devonian and lowermost of Carboniferous, deposits, determination of this boundary was impossible in the field and the approximate boundary has been identified after study of lab by conodont elements. Apparently, this boundary is conformable and continual that the rocks at the bottom of its attributed to Khoshyeilagh Formation. This boundary is located in the interval of samples 4.1(late Devonian) and 4.3(lower Carboniferous) which the distance between them is 4m.(thin to medium-bedded limestones).The limit of boundary is distinct with extinction of Genera and Species for example Icriodus costatus, Pelekysgnathus sp. and Polygnathus semicostatus in the late of Devonian(sample4.1)and appearance of species for example Polygnathus spicatus, Spa. crassidentathus, Po. thomasi and Cly. gilwernensis in early Carboniferous (sample4.3). in summery, limestone rocks in alternation with shale of upper Famenian is attributed to lower-middle costatus zone form lower part of Carboniferous rocks in the region. The top of Mobarak Formation is overlaid by alternations of sandstone, shales and limestone (in the middle part), belong of Dorud Formation (lower Permian) with a disconformity. Carboniferous conodonts (20 Genus, 36 Species, 7 Subspecies are reported from Mobarak Fm.,Kiyasar region, for the first time as well as the distinguished following 7 conodont zones: 1) sulcata zone 2) duplicata zone 3) sandbergi-L. crenulata zone 4) typicus zone 5) anchoralis-latus zone 6) texanus- A. scalenus zone 7) Gn. bilineatus zone. According to conodont data Carboniferous sequences in Kiyasar section were deposited from lower Tournaisian to upper Visean time interval. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The studied section (Kiyasar)is situated in Central Alborz,75 Km. southeast of Sari. The thickness of Carboniferous sequences (Mobarak Formation) is 385 meter and consists of thin-bedded limestone at the base and various thickness of limestone (mostly with medium thickness) with intercalations of shales at the top. Because of lithological similarity and the lack of index microfossils in the uppermost of Devonian and lowermost of Carboniferous, deposits, determination of this boundary was impossible in the field and the approximate boundary has been identified after study of lab by conodont elements. Apparently, this boundary is conformable and continual that the rocks at the bottom of its attributed to Khoshyeilagh Formation. This boundary is located in the interval of samples 4.1(late Devonian) and 4.3(lower Carboniferous) which the distance between them is 4m.(thin to medium-bedded limestones).The limit of boundary is distinct with extinction of Genera and Species for example Icriodus costatus, Pelekysgnathus sp. and Polygnathus semicostatus in the late of Devonian(sample4.1)and appearance of species for example Polygnathus spicatus, Spa. crassidentathus, Po. thomasi and Cly. gilwernensis in early Carboniferous (sample4.3). in summery, limestone rocks in alternation with shale of upper Famenian is attributed to lower-middle costatus zone form lower part of Carboniferous rocks in the region. The top of Mobarak Formation is overlaid by alternations of sandstone, shales and limestone (in the middle part), belong of Dorud Formation (lower Permian) with a disconformity. Carboniferous conodonts (20 Genus, 36 Species, 7 Subspecies are reported from Mobarak Fm.,Kiyasar region, for the first time as well as the distinguished following 7 conodont zones: 1) sulcata zone 2) duplicata zone 3) sandbergi-L. crenulata zone 4) typicus zone 5) anchoralis-latus zone 6) texanus- A. scalenus zone 7) Gn. bilineatus zone. According to conodont data Carboniferous sequences in Kiyasar section were deposited from lower Tournaisian to upper Visean time interval. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping Using ASTER Imagesin the Rabor Area, KermanHydrothermal Alteration Mapping Using ASTER Imagesin the Rabor Area, Kerman1231285462410.22071/gsj.2010.54624FAM. AbbaszadehDept. of mining, Metallurgical and petroleum Eng. AmirKabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.Ardeshir HezarkhaniMining Exploration, Department of Mining and Metallurgy, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20090711Rabor area is <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">located</span> in 160 km south of Kerman city and 40 km east of Baft. There is some evidence illustrating some porphyry copper type mineralization, co-operated with tens of within <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Urumieh-Dokhtar </span>volcanic belt stocks. Identification of the high potential localities and mapping the porphyry copper mineralization within these sites look very necessary. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">To aim for this goal, we aimed to identify the probable mineralization zones related porphyry copper mineralization alteration haloes in Rabor. In this research, by using the satellite image processing of ASTER sensor, applying the methods such as band ratioing, principal component analysis (PCA) and selective principal component analysis (Crosta) as well as the direct data from the Baft geological map (1:100000), available metallogenical theories and porphyry copper mineralization models, prepare images based on available clay mineral concentration maps from the region could provide evidences for an existence of a porphyry copper mineralization. Band ratioing was applied to discriminate the altered areas from the non-altered ones and also area lithology, porphyry copper deposit boundaries by identification of kaolinite, alunite and illite as indicator minerals within the studied area. Selective principal component analysis was also applied to produce the clay mineral concentration indicator maps to potential mining area recognition. Ore index cross matching called Pey Negin based recognition presumed area, demonstrates the selective principal component analysis method accuracy and its efficiency by using the satellite ASTER data from the altered area.</span>Rabor area is <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">located</span> in 160 km south of Kerman city and 40 km east of Baft. There is some evidence illustrating some porphyry copper type mineralization, co-operated with tens of within <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Urumieh-Dokhtar </span>volcanic belt stocks. Identification of the high potential localities and mapping the porphyry copper mineralization within these sites look very necessary. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">To aim for this goal, we aimed to identify the probable mineralization zones related porphyry copper mineralization alteration haloes in Rabor. In this research, by using the satellite image processing of ASTER sensor, applying the methods such as band ratioing, principal component analysis (PCA) and selective principal component analysis (Crosta) as well as the direct data from the Baft geological map (1:100000), available metallogenical theories and porphyry copper mineralization models, prepare images based on available clay mineral concentration maps from the region could provide evidences for an existence of a porphyry copper mineralization. Band ratioing was applied to discriminate the altered areas from the non-altered ones and also area lithology, porphyry copper deposit boundaries by identification of kaolinite, alunite and illite as indicator minerals within the studied area. Selective principal component analysis was also applied to produce the clay mineral concentration indicator maps to potential mining area recognition. Ore index cross matching called Pey Negin based recognition presumed area, demonstrates the selective principal component analysis method accuracy and its efficiency by using the satellite ASTER data from the altered area.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Optimization of Cyanide Leaching Process in order to Increase Au, Ag and Hg Recovery in Pouya Zarkan Aghdareh PlantOptimization of Cyanide Leaching Process in order to Increase Au, Ag and Hg Recovery in Pouya Zarkan Aghdareh Plant1291385462610.22071/gsj.2010.54626FAM. AbdollahyDept. Of Mineral processing, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranS. M. J. KoleiniDept. Of Mineral processing, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranA. GhaffariDept. Of Mineral processing, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090902<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cyanidation process is one of the most important and widespread hydrometallurgical technologies used in the extraction of gold and silver from ores and concentrates. Some of the most effective parameters on cyanide leaching are sodium cyanide concentration, dissolved oxygen, solid percent, pH, particle size, retention time and agitation speed. In this article the effect of these parameters on the recovery of gold, silver and mercury from Pouya Zarkan Aghdareh ore has been studied to determine the optimum conditions using Taguchi exprimental design method. The experiments at the screening step based on L16 orthogonal array indicated that the effective parameters on gold, silver and mercury recovery such as sodium cyanide, pH, solid percent in pulp, d<sub>80</sub> and retention time were obtained equal to 900 g/t ore, 10, 42%, 53 μm and 30 h, respectively. The experiments at the optimization step based on L18 orthogonal array indicated that d<sub>80</sub> on gold recovery and retention time on silver and mercury recovery were the most effective parameters. Finally the optimum conditions for gold, silver and mercury recovery were obtained for parameters such as sodium cyanide, pH, solid percent in pulp, d<sub>80</sub> and retention time equal to 1000 g/t ore, 10.3, 46%, 37 μm and 40 h, respectively. At this conditions gold, silver and mercury recovery were equal to 91.42±1.02, 54.31±1.24 and 19.50±0.66 percent, respectively.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cyanidation process is one of the most important and widespread hydrometallurgical technologies used in the extraction of gold and silver from ores and concentrates. Some of the most effective parameters on cyanide leaching are sodium cyanide concentration, dissolved oxygen, solid percent, pH, particle size, retention time and agitation speed. In this article the effect of these parameters on the recovery of gold, silver and mercury from Pouya Zarkan Aghdareh ore has been studied to determine the optimum conditions using Taguchi exprimental design method. The experiments at the screening step based on L16 orthogonal array indicated that the effective parameters on gold, silver and mercury recovery such as sodium cyanide, pH, solid percent in pulp, d<sub>80</sub> and retention time were obtained equal to 900 g/t ore, 10, 42%, 53 μm and 30 h, respectively. The experiments at the optimization step based on L18 orthogonal array indicated that d<sub>80</sub> on gold recovery and retention time on silver and mercury recovery were the most effective parameters. Finally the optimum conditions for gold, silver and mercury recovery were obtained for parameters such as sodium cyanide, pH, solid percent in pulp, d<sub>80</sub> and retention time equal to 1000 g/t ore, 10.3, 46%, 37 μm and 40 h, respectively. At this conditions gold, silver and mercury recovery were equal to 91.42±1.02, 54.31±1.24 and 19.50±0.66 percent, respectively.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Evaluating the Origin of Magnetite and Sulfide Phasess from Gol-Gohar Iron Ore Deposit (Sirjan): Constrains from O and S Isotope DataEvaluating the Origin of Magnetite and Sulfide Phasess from Gol-Gohar Iron Ore Deposit (Sirjan): Constrains from O and S Isotope Data1391465463410.22071/gsj.2010.54634FAY. Bayati RadCollege of Science, Faculty of Geology, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranH. MirnejadCollege of Science, Faculty of Geology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.J. GhalamghashGeological Survey and Mine Explorations of Iran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20091228<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Gol-Gohar iron mine in Sirjan with general tonnage of 1135 milion tons, is one of the most important iron sources in Iran. The main ore minerals in this ore deposit consist of magnetite and subordinate hematite. δ<sup>18</sup>O of magnetite ranges from 3.8‰ to 4.8‰, while the calculated δ<sup>18</sup>O of the fluids that are in isotopic equilibrium with magnetite, varies between 10‰ and 11.3‰. Such isotopic attributes indicates that magnetite originated from magmatic fluids that were also equilibrated with sources enriched in <sup>18</sup>O. This theory completely </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">corresponds with</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> the breaciated environment of Gol-Gohar ore deposit and the presence of metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks with high δ<sup>18</sup>O amounts. Magnetite in Gol-Gohar iron, particularly in lower levels, is associatd with sulfide phases, so that the amount of sulfur increases with depth. The main sulfide phase in Gol-Gohar ore is pyrite that occupies the spaces between the magnetite grains and occurs as narrow veinletss. The </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">δ<sup>34</sup>S </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">values of pyrite (23.46‰-25‰) are similar to those of seawater sulfate (~30‰) and evaporative sulfates (10-30‰) and thus suggest pyrite originated likely from such sources. Texture and pertogrephic studies also show that sulfides were deposited after the formation of magnetite ore in Gol-Gohar.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Gol-Gohar iron mine in Sirjan with general tonnage of 1135 milion tons, is one of the most important iron sources in Iran. The main ore minerals in this ore deposit consist of magnetite and subordinate hematite. δ<sup>18</sup>O of magnetite ranges from 3.8‰ to 4.8‰, while the calculated δ<sup>18</sup>O of the fluids that are in isotopic equilibrium with magnetite, varies between 10‰ and 11.3‰. Such isotopic attributes indicates that magnetite originated from magmatic fluids that were also equilibrated with sources enriched in <sup>18</sup>O. This theory completely </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">corresponds with</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> the breaciated environment of Gol-Gohar ore deposit and the presence of metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks with high δ<sup>18</sup>O amounts. Magnetite in Gol-Gohar iron, particularly in lower levels, is associatd with sulfide phases, so that the amount of sulfur increases with depth. The main sulfide phase in Gol-Gohar ore is pyrite that occupies the spaces between the magnetite grains and occurs as narrow veinletss. The </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">δ<sup>34</sup>S </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">values of pyrite (23.46‰-25‰) are similar to those of seawater sulfate (~30‰) and evaporative sulfates (10-30‰) and thus suggest pyrite originated likely from such sources. Texture and pertogrephic studies also show that sulfides were deposited after the formation of magnetite ore in Gol-Gohar.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Tectonic Provenance of Padeha Formation Sandstones in Samirkooh Section, Central Iran: with Refrence to Influence of
Diagenetic Processes on Sandstones CompositionTectonic Provenance of Padeha Formation Sandstones in Samirkooh Section, Central Iran: with Refrence to Influence of
Diagenetic Processes on Sandstones Composition1471585464410.22071/gsj.2010.54644FAM. Hosseini-BarziFaculty of Earth sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranM. SaeediFaculty of Earth sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090429<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The sandstones of Padeha Formation with 390m thickness in section of Samirkooh in Kerman, Zarand have been studied to illuminate their provenance, tectonic provenance, diagenesis by omitting the effect of diagenetic process on sandstone composition. In this direction, petrography of 91 thin sections, modal analysis of 30 appropriate samples, and use of SEM and EDX analyses of 6 sandstone samples were accomplished .We can point to diagenetic processes including mechanical compaction, coating hematite around the detrial grains (eogenetic stage) and growing up authigenic cholorite and illite, chemical compaction, quartz cementation, dolomite cementation, dedolomitization, albitization of feldspar and corrosion of grains by dolomite cement (mesogenetic stage) and fracturing as well as filling them by calcite, quartz and anhydrite cement (telogenetic stage). We studied tectonic provenance of these sandstones using Qt<sub>92</sub> F<sub>7</sub> L<sub>1,</sub> Qm<sub>77</sub> F <sub>7</sub> Lt <sub>16</sub>, Qp<sub>92</sub>Lvm<sub>4</sub>Lsm<sub>4, </sub>after recognition of diagenetic process and omitting their effect on the results of modal analysis. These results show quartzolithic facies with cratonic, recycled orogen and rifted continental margin tectonic provenance. Using diamond diagram drawn based on particulars quartz grains and also petrographic evidences in these sandstone, we can say that these sandstone derived from multi provenance. The log Qt/F+RF vs. Qt/F+RF climate diagram and QRRF triangle indicate humid climate during deposition of the Padeha Formation. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The sandstones of Padeha Formation with 390m thickness in section of Samirkooh in Kerman, Zarand have been studied to illuminate their provenance, tectonic provenance, diagenesis by omitting the effect of diagenetic process on sandstone composition. In this direction, petrography of 91 thin sections, modal analysis of 30 appropriate samples, and use of SEM and EDX analyses of 6 sandstone samples were accomplished .We can point to diagenetic processes including mechanical compaction, coating hematite around the detrial grains (eogenetic stage) and growing up authigenic cholorite and illite, chemical compaction, quartz cementation, dolomite cementation, dedolomitization, albitization of feldspar and corrosion of grains by dolomite cement (mesogenetic stage) and fracturing as well as filling them by calcite, quartz and anhydrite cement (telogenetic stage). We studied tectonic provenance of these sandstones using Qt<sub>92</sub> F<sub>7</sub> L<sub>1,</sub> Qm<sub>77</sub> F <sub>7</sub> Lt <sub>16</sub>, Qp<sub>92</sub>Lvm<sub>4</sub>Lsm<sub>4, </sub>after recognition of diagenetic process and omitting their effect on the results of modal analysis. These results show quartzolithic facies with cratonic, recycled orogen and rifted continental margin tectonic provenance. Using diamond diagram drawn based on particulars quartz grains and also petrographic evidences in these sandstone, we can say that these sandstone derived from multi provenance. The log Qt/F+RF vs. Qt/F+RF climate diagram and QRRF triangle indicate humid climate during deposition of the Padeha Formation. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Geomorphic Signatures of Active Tectonics in the Talaghan Rud, Shah Rud and SefidRud Drainage Basins in Central Alborz, N IranGeomorphic Signatures of Active Tectonics in the Talaghan Rud, Shah Rud and SefidRud Drainage Basins in Central Alborz, N Iran1591665466910.22071/gsj.2010.54669FAZ. MardaniScience and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, IranM. GhorashiIslamic Azad University (IAU), North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-1600-0350M. ArianScience and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, IranKh. KhosrotehraniScience and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, IranJournal Article20090422<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Geomorphic indices of active tectonics are useful tools to analyze the influence of active tectonics.These indices have the advantage of being calculate from ArcGIS and remote sensing packages over large area as a reconnaissance tool to identify geomorphic anomalies possibly related to active tectonics.This is particulary valuable in west-central Alborz where relatively little work on active tectonics based on this method was done,so this method is new and useful. Based upon values of the stream length-gradient index (SL), drainage basin asymmetry (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf), index of drainage basin shape (Bs), and index of mountain front sinuosity (Smf),we used an overall index(Iat) that is a combination of the other indices that divides the landscape into four classes of relative tectonic activity. The moderat class of Iat is mainly in the south of Manjel dam,while the rest of the study area has high active tectonics (shahrud drainage basin and sefidrud drainage basin),and high to very high(Taleghan and Alamut drainage basin). The stream network asymmetry (T)was also studied using morphometric measures of Tranverse Topographic Symmetry.Analysis of the drainage basins and subbasins in the study area results in a field of T-vectors that defines anomalous zone of the basin asymmetry.Acomparsion of T index clearly coincide with the values and classes of active tectonics indices and the overall Iat index.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Geomorphic indices of active tectonics are useful tools to analyze the influence of active tectonics.These indices have the advantage of being calculate from ArcGIS and remote sensing packages over large area as a reconnaissance tool to identify geomorphic anomalies possibly related to active tectonics.This is particulary valuable in west-central Alborz where relatively little work on active tectonics based on this method was done,so this method is new and useful. Based upon values of the stream length-gradient index (SL), drainage basin asymmetry (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf), index of drainage basin shape (Bs), and index of mountain front sinuosity (Smf),we used an overall index(Iat) that is a combination of the other indices that divides the landscape into four classes of relative tectonic activity. The moderat class of Iat is mainly in the south of Manjel dam,while the rest of the study area has high active tectonics (shahrud drainage basin and sefidrud drainage basin),and high to very high(Taleghan and Alamut drainage basin). The stream network asymmetry (T)was also studied using morphometric measures of Tranverse Topographic Symmetry.Analysis of the drainage basins and subbasins in the study area results in a field of T-vectors that defines anomalous zone of the basin asymmetry.Acomparsion of T index clearly coincide with the values and classes of active tectonics indices and the overall Iat index.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Introduction to New Concentration-Volume Fractal Method for Separation Zones in Porphyry DepositsIntroduction to New Concentration-Volume Fractal Method for Separation Zones in Porphyry Deposits1671725467510.22071/gsj.2010.54675FAP. AfzalDepartment of Mining Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranA. KhakzadGeology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranP. MoarefvandMining and Metallurgy Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, IranN. Rashid Nezhad OmranGeology Department, Faculty of Basic Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranY. Fadakar AlghalandisWH BryanMining & Geology Research Centre, SMI, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, AustraliaJournal Article20090516<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Determination of different zones in porphyry deposits is on of important goals in their exploration because this operation especially determination supergene zone is important for economical study in these deposits. Traditional methods based on alterations and mineralogical studies are not proper in many cases because these methods are based on petrogaraphical and mineralographical studies, only. Later methods were introduced basis fluid inclusions and isotopes are indirect methods and applied for alterations separation. Fractal methods are applicable in surface geological and geochemical studies for many reasons such as using all data, according to spatial distribution and anomalies geometrical shapes. In this research, concentration-volume method entitled new fractal method is introduced for separation of supergene, hypogene, oxidant and host rock based on major element grade in porphyry deposits. Mathematical base of this method by using of power-law function and partition function for fractal and multifractal modeling, concentration-volume is used for zones separation in Chah-Firuzeh Cu porphyry deposit in Shahrbabak in Kerman province. First, Cu distribution in this deposit was evaluated by geostatistical methods and concentration-volume logarithmic diagram that break points show grade boundaries of different zones and boundary between mineralization and host rock. Also, alteration, mineralogical and zonation models were constructed based on geological observation and compared by results from concentration-volume fractal method. Separated zones by this fractal method are smaller and near to fact and correlated by geological models. Usage of grade parameter that is most important direct and quality parameter constructed reality results.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Determination of different zones in porphyry deposits is on of important goals in their exploration because this operation especially determination supergene zone is important for economical study in these deposits. Traditional methods based on alterations and mineralogical studies are not proper in many cases because these methods are based on petrogaraphical and mineralographical studies, only. Later methods were introduced basis fluid inclusions and isotopes are indirect methods and applied for alterations separation. Fractal methods are applicable in surface geological and geochemical studies for many reasons such as using all data, according to spatial distribution and anomalies geometrical shapes. In this research, concentration-volume method entitled new fractal method is introduced for separation of supergene, hypogene, oxidant and host rock based on major element grade in porphyry deposits. Mathematical base of this method by using of power-law function and partition function for fractal and multifractal modeling, concentration-volume is used for zones separation in Chah-Firuzeh Cu porphyry deposit in Shahrbabak in Kerman province. First, Cu distribution in this deposit was evaluated by geostatistical methods and concentration-volume logarithmic diagram that break points show grade boundaries of different zones and boundary between mineralization and host rock. Also, alteration, mineralogical and zonation models were constructed based on geological observation and compared by results from concentration-volume fractal method. Separated zones by this fractal method are smaller and near to fact and correlated by geological models. Usage of grade parameter that is most important direct and quality parameter constructed reality results.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207820110220Post-Collisional Shoshonitic, C-type Adakitic and Lamprophyric Plutonism in the Khankandi Pluton, Arasbaran (NW Iran)Post-Collisional Shoshonitic, C-type Adakitic and Lamprophyric Plutonism in the Khankandi Pluton, Arasbaran (NW Iran)1731885467710.22071/gsj.2010.54677FAM. AghazadehDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Payeme Noor University, Tehran, IranM. H. EmamiResearch Institute of the Earth Sciences, Geological survey of Iran, Tehran, IranH. Moin VaziriDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranN. Rashidnezhad OmranDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranA. CastroDepartment of Geology, University of Huelva, Huelva, SpainJournal Article20081109<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Khankandi pluton is located in northwestren part of Iran, within Garadagh (Arasbaran) - south Armenia block. Main units of the pluton are monzonite and granodiorite associated with minor gabbro and lamprophyric and dacitic dykes. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Granodioritic </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">plutonism is followed by gabbro and monzonite. Lamprophyric and dacitic dykes are emplaced at the end of the granodioritic plutonism. Gabbro and monzonites are shoshonitic, and granodiorites and dacites have high K-calc alkaline nature and charactistics of C-type (potassic or continental) adakites and high Ba-Sr granitoides. Lamprophyres are alkaline and have camptonitic composition. The monzonites follow fractionation trend of gabbro with minor crustal assimilation and contamination. Melting of garnet bearing mafic lower crust, metasomatised lithospheric mantle and upwelling asthenosphere produced granodioritic and dacitic, shoshonitic gabbro and lamprophyric magma respectively. The production of various magma types in the Oligocene of the Arasbaran occurred in response to slab break off and/or delamination of lithospheric mantle and upwelling of asthenosphere. Plutonism occurred after collision between Iranian and Arabian plates and crustal thickening in the extensional post collisional tectonic setting.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Khankandi pluton is located in northwestren part of Iran, within Garadagh (Arasbaran) - south Armenia block. Main units of the pluton are monzonite and granodiorite associated with minor gabbro and lamprophyric and dacitic dykes. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Granodioritic </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">plutonism is followed by gabbro and monzonite. Lamprophyric and dacitic dykes are emplaced at the end of the granodioritic plutonism. Gabbro and monzonites are shoshonitic, and granodiorites and dacites have high K-calc alkaline nature and charactistics of C-type (potassic or continental) adakites and high Ba-Sr granitoides. Lamprophyres are alkaline and have camptonitic composition. The monzonites follow fractionation trend of gabbro with minor crustal assimilation and contamination. Melting of garnet bearing mafic lower crust, metasomatised lithospheric mantle and upwelling asthenosphere produced granodioritic and dacitic, shoshonitic gabbro and lamprophyric magma respectively. The production of various magma types in the Oligocene of the Arasbaran occurred in response to slab break off and/or delamination of lithospheric mantle and upwelling of asthenosphere. Plutonism occurred after collision between Iranian and Arabian plates and crustal thickening in the extensional post collisional tectonic setting.</span>