Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Alteration Mapping at Saridoon Porphyry Copper Prospect Using Short Wave Infrared Spectrometry (PIMA), ASTER Satellite Image and XRDAlteration Mapping at Saridoon Porphyry Copper Prospect Using Short Wave Infrared Spectrometry (PIMA), ASTER Satellite Image and XRD3125498710.22071/gsj.2018.54987FAAhmad Kazemi MehrniaDept. of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.I. RasaDept. of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.S. AlirezaeiDept. of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.H. Asadi HarooniDept. of Mining, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.J. KaramiDept. of Remote Sensing and GIS, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20090512<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Saridoon porphyry system is located 3 km northeast of Sarcheshmeh copper mine. Alteration mapping of the area was carried out using PIMA (Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer)</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">analysis of 145 samples, ASTER satellite images, XRD analysis of 22 samples, field observations and petrographic studies. The lithocap is characterized by an advanced argillic alteration assemblage. The alteration occurs at high topographic levels and on the flanks of the topographic heights. Despite extensive exposures, the alteration varies in intensity and occurs as patches or partially exposed. Pyrophyllite spectral feature is used as a measure of alteration intensity (pyrophyllite abundance).</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Phyllic alteration occurs in the central part of the sampled area. This spectrally distinct alteration assemblage occurs at all elevations, and is partially overprinted by advanced argillic alteration. Intermediate argillic alteration occurs on the flanks of advanced argillic and phyllic alterations. The mineral assemblage might have been formed by supergene processes, or alternatively, by low temperature hydrothermal fluids. The PIMA and XRD samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for a number of metals and semi-metals. A comparison of data from Saridoon and those from three other porphyry systems in northwest Kerman belt (Darrehzar, Abdar, and Chah Firuzeh) shows lower contents of Cu and Mo, and higher contents of As, Sb, Pb in Saridoon. The extend alteration systems in Iranian magmatic arc with low frequency of Cu and Mo shall be checked for advanced argillic alteration mineral assemblage using modern spectrometry instrument (e. g. PIMA). This distribution pattern of elements, coupled with the widespread occurrence of advanced argillic alteration at surface, suggests that stripping of overlying rocks at Saridoon was not as deep and effective as in many other porphyry systems in the Kerman belt. These findings suggest that alteration systems with low Cu and Mo contents and mineral assemblages typical of advanced argillic alteration merit closer and deeper inspection. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Saridoon porphyry system is located 3 km northeast of Sarcheshmeh copper mine. Alteration mapping of the area was carried out using PIMA (Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer)</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">analysis of 145 samples, ASTER satellite images, XRD analysis of 22 samples, field observations and petrographic studies. The lithocap is characterized by an advanced argillic alteration assemblage. The alteration occurs at high topographic levels and on the flanks of the topographic heights. Despite extensive exposures, the alteration varies in intensity and occurs as patches or partially exposed. Pyrophyllite spectral feature is used as a measure of alteration intensity (pyrophyllite abundance).</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Phyllic alteration occurs in the central part of the sampled area. This spectrally distinct alteration assemblage occurs at all elevations, and is partially overprinted by advanced argillic alteration. Intermediate argillic alteration occurs on the flanks of advanced argillic and phyllic alterations. The mineral assemblage might have been formed by supergene processes, or alternatively, by low temperature hydrothermal fluids. The PIMA and XRD samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for a number of metals and semi-metals. A comparison of data from Saridoon and those from three other porphyry systems in northwest Kerman belt (Darrehzar, Abdar, and Chah Firuzeh) shows lower contents of Cu and Mo, and higher contents of As, Sb, Pb in Saridoon. The extend alteration systems in Iranian magmatic arc with low frequency of Cu and Mo shall be checked for advanced argillic alteration mineral assemblage using modern spectrometry instrument (e. g. PIMA). This distribution pattern of elements, coupled with the widespread occurrence of advanced argillic alteration at surface, suggests that stripping of overlying rocks at Saridoon was not as deep and effective as in many other porphyry systems in the Kerman belt. These findings suggest that alteration systems with low Cu and Mo contents and mineral assemblages typical of advanced argillic alteration merit closer and deeper inspection. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522The Study of Dorouneh Fault System's West Termination in Jandaq-Talmessi AreaThe Study of Dorouneh Fault System's West Termination in Jandaq-Talmessi Area13205498810.22071/gsj.2011.54988FAM. Esterabi - AshtianiFaculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.A. YassaqiFaculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-0984-7721H. R. JavadiGeological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.M. ShahpasandzadehInternational Center for Science and High Technology and Enviromental Sciences, Kerman, Iran.M. R. GhassemiGeological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20090301Dorouneh Fault is located in the north of Central Iran Microplate with left-lateral strike-slip mechanism and plays an important role in the formation of Iran plateau's morphology. Dorouneh fault, with bend geometry and 900 km length, extends from HyrmandRiver in the Afghanistan border to Anarak area in the Central Iran. Dorouneh Fault terminates in the Jandaq area as sub-parallel branches. Towards west, general trend of Dorouneh Fault System changes from northeast-southwest to north-south in the north of Talmessi Mine. Fault branches are observed as left-lateral strike-slip faults with normal dip-slip component in the Jandaq-Talmessi area that is introduced as a trailing extensional imbricate fan. But, considering slip sense inversion along Dorouneh Fault, the main mechanism for formation of western termination before slip sense inversion is a trailing compressional imbricate fan.
Dorouneh Fault is located in the north of Central Iran Microplate with left-lateral strike-slip mechanism and plays an important role in the formation of Iran plateau's morphology. Dorouneh fault, with bend geometry and 900 km length, extends from HyrmandRiver in the Afghanistan border to Anarak area in the Central Iran. Dorouneh Fault terminates in the Jandaq area as sub-parallel branches. Towards west, general trend of Dorouneh Fault System changes from northeast-southwest to north-south in the north of Talmessi Mine. Fault branches are observed as left-lateral strike-slip faults with normal dip-slip component in the Jandaq-Talmessi area that is introduced as a trailing extensional imbricate fan. But, considering slip sense inversion along Dorouneh Fault, the main mechanism for formation of western termination before slip sense inversion is a trailing compressional imbricate fan.
Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Petroleum System Modeling of Lower Paleozoic in Persian Gulf BasinPetroleum System Modeling of Lower Paleozoic in Persian Gulf Basin21305498910.22071/gsj.2011.54989FAS. Salehi RadIslamic Azad University, North-Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.S. SherkatiExploration Directorate of N.I.O.C., Tehran, IranF. Taati QoaryemExploration Directorate of N.I.O.C., Tehran, IranM. H. NorooziExploration Directorate of N.I.O.C., Tehran, IranJournal Article20090818The Paleozoic sediments are noteworthy for many of petroleum geologists to research within Arabian Plate during last decades. Significant values of oil and gas was generated from the Silurian source rock in this area. This source rock has been modeled by commercial software's (PetroMod and Genex) in Saudi Arabia and its maturity proportion determined in various locations. Maturity proportion of this source rock was not characterized truly in Persian Gulf and Zagros foreland basin. Here used geological well data of three drilled wells that one's was penetrated to the Silurian shale (Sarchahan Formation) in Persian Gulf to model and used PetroMod-1D software. These well modeling results and the Saudi Arabia results show that the rate of maturity trend for Silurian shale has increased from Saudi Arabia to Iran, so that the shale is in the recognized gas window in Persian Gulf and over-mature in some part of ZagrosBasin. In Arabian Plate basemental lowlands and highlands exist at the Pre-Cambrian time, therefore cause the maturity of this shale in older highlands than the lowlands area.The Paleozoic sediments are noteworthy for many of petroleum geologists to research within Arabian Plate during last decades. Significant values of oil and gas was generated from the Silurian source rock in this area. This source rock has been modeled by commercial software's (PetroMod and Genex) in Saudi Arabia and its maturity proportion determined in various locations. Maturity proportion of this source rock was not characterized truly in Persian Gulf and Zagros foreland basin. Here used geological well data of three drilled wells that one's was penetrated to the Silurian shale (Sarchahan Formation) in Persian Gulf to model and used PetroMod-1D software. These well modeling results and the Saudi Arabia results show that the rate of maturity trend for Silurian shale has increased from Saudi Arabia to Iran, so that the shale is in the recognized gas window in Persian Gulf and over-mature in some part of ZagrosBasin. In Arabian Plate basemental lowlands and highlands exist at the Pre-Cambrian time, therefore cause the maturity of this shale in older highlands than the lowlands area.Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Characterization of Daleer Phosphate Rock Properties for Mineral ProcessingCharacterization of Daleer Phosphate Rock Properties for Mineral Processing31385499810.22071/gsj.2011.54998FAS. KhoshjavanDepartment of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, IranB. RezaiDepartment of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, IranA. AminiGeological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090221In this research, characterization studies of sedimentary phosphate rock from Zanjan Dalir area with respect to processing are investigated. According to mineralogical studies, phosphate ore (Collophane 28.13%), sedimentary mineral and the predominant constituents of the gangues were Calcite (43.53%), Quartz and Dolomite (4.65%). Main composition of phosphate rock were P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (11.9% wt), CaO (36.36% wt), SiO<sub>2</sub> (24.49% wt) and MgO (1.01% wt). Microscopic studies showed that apatite pletts had inclusions of Calcite and Quartz (about 15-70 microns). Content of inclusions was considerable. Mineralogy texture is very complicated. Liberation degree determined by grain counting (with optic microscope) and sink and float test methods. From The results of liberation degree studies can be inferred that in dimension about 140 microns about 96% of phosphate particles librated. In desliming step about 8.2% of total phosphate was removed. Optimum grinding time to reaching liberation of phosphate particles was obtained about 10 min and 30 second. Organic material determined by heating method (about 1.66% wt). Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that inclusions and organic materials existed. Specific gravity of phosphate particles and gangues difference was low. Based on the mentioned studies, effective method for processing of phosphate minerals from carbonate and silicate impurities is suggested flotation method.In this research, characterization studies of sedimentary phosphate rock from Zanjan Dalir area with respect to processing are investigated. According to mineralogical studies, phosphate ore (Collophane 28.13%), sedimentary mineral and the predominant constituents of the gangues were Calcite (43.53%), Quartz and Dolomite (4.65%). Main composition of phosphate rock were P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (11.9% wt), CaO (36.36% wt), SiO<sub>2</sub> (24.49% wt) and MgO (1.01% wt). Microscopic studies showed that apatite pletts had inclusions of Calcite and Quartz (about 15-70 microns). Content of inclusions was considerable. Mineralogy texture is very complicated. Liberation degree determined by grain counting (with optic microscope) and sink and float test methods. From The results of liberation degree studies can be inferred that in dimension about 140 microns about 96% of phosphate particles librated. In desliming step about 8.2% of total phosphate was removed. Optimum grinding time to reaching liberation of phosphate particles was obtained about 10 min and 30 second. Organic material determined by heating method (about 1.66% wt). Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that inclusions and organic materials existed. Specific gravity of phosphate particles and gangues difference was low. Based on the mentioned studies, effective method for processing of phosphate minerals from carbonate and silicate impurities is suggested flotation method.Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Palaeoecology of the Late Devonian Palynomorphs, Southwest DamghanPalaeoecology of the Late Devonian Palynomorphs, Southwest Damghan47545500010.22071/gsj.2011.55000FAS. H. HashemiDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, IranM. FahimiDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090104The Upper Devonian sequences in vicinity of Darvar, southwest Damghan comprise alternation of conglomerates, quartzites, sandstones, siltstones, shales, with fossiliferous limestone intercalations unconformably overlying the Ordovician strata and gradually preceding carbonates of the Lower Carboniferous Mobarak Formation. Diverse biota embracing brachiopods, trilobites, fish, gastropods, corals, echinoderms, and conodonts in conjunction with well preserved palynomorphs, in descending order of abundance, of both terrestrial and marine origin occur in the Upper Devonian strata (Geirud Formation) of Darvar, southwest Damghan. Scolecodonts rarely occur in the material studied but no representative of Chitinozoans encountered. Based on the known stratigraphic distribution of taxa such as <em>Cymatiosphaera perimembrana, Chomotriletes vedugensis, Deltotosoma intonsum, Papulogabata annulata, Tornacia sarjeantii, Unellium lunatum, Unellium piriforme, Retispora lepidophyta, Geminospora lemurata, Retusotriletes rugulatus, Grandispora cornuta, Grandispora</em> sp. cf. <em>G. gracilis</em> the Geirud Formation is attributed to the Late Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian). Occurrence, in the material studied, of microphytoplankton cysts with relatively thin eilyma and ±circular, psilate or sculptured vesicle indicates deposition in a shallow, marginal marine depositional setting. Presence of <em>Geminospora lemurata</em> in majority of the samples refers to the occurrence of progymnosperms and that of poorly preserved Lepidodendrales to that of lycopodophytes in contemporaneous land vegetation. Affinity of <em>sporae</em> <em>dispersae</em> in the Geirud palynoflora indicates that fern allies such as Equisetopsida, Lycopodopsida, Rhyniopsida, and Progymnosperms were represented in the land vegetation. Relative abundance of <em>Geminospora lemurata</em> and spores attributed to lycopodophytes imply domination of the land vegetation by lycopodohytes and progymnosperms.The Upper Devonian sequences in vicinity of Darvar, southwest Damghan comprise alternation of conglomerates, quartzites, sandstones, siltstones, shales, with fossiliferous limestone intercalations unconformably overlying the Ordovician strata and gradually preceding carbonates of the Lower Carboniferous Mobarak Formation. Diverse biota embracing brachiopods, trilobites, fish, gastropods, corals, echinoderms, and conodonts in conjunction with well preserved palynomorphs, in descending order of abundance, of both terrestrial and marine origin occur in the Upper Devonian strata (Geirud Formation) of Darvar, southwest Damghan. Scolecodonts rarely occur in the material studied but no representative of Chitinozoans encountered. Based on the known stratigraphic distribution of taxa such as <em>Cymatiosphaera perimembrana, Chomotriletes vedugensis, Deltotosoma intonsum, Papulogabata annulata, Tornacia sarjeantii, Unellium lunatum, Unellium piriforme, Retispora lepidophyta, Geminospora lemurata, Retusotriletes rugulatus, Grandispora cornuta, Grandispora</em> sp. cf. <em>G. gracilis</em> the Geirud Formation is attributed to the Late Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian). Occurrence, in the material studied, of microphytoplankton cysts with relatively thin eilyma and ±circular, psilate or sculptured vesicle indicates deposition in a shallow, marginal marine depositional setting. Presence of <em>Geminospora lemurata</em> in majority of the samples refers to the occurrence of progymnosperms and that of poorly preserved Lepidodendrales to that of lycopodophytes in contemporaneous land vegetation. Affinity of <em>sporae</em> <em>dispersae</em> in the Geirud palynoflora indicates that fern allies such as Equisetopsida, Lycopodopsida, Rhyniopsida, and Progymnosperms were represented in the land vegetation. Relative abundance of <em>Geminospora lemurata</em> and spores attributed to lycopodophytes imply domination of the land vegetation by lycopodohytes and progymnosperms.Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522The Survey of Physical-Chemical Environment in Sungun Copper Porphyry Deposit with the Using of Minerals Properties in
the Copper Porphyry Deposits (North East of Tabriz)The Survey of Physical-Chemical Environment in Sungun Copper Porphyry Deposit with the Using of Minerals Properties in
the Copper Porphyry Deposits (North East of Tabriz)47545500410.22071/gsj.2011.55004FAM. Mohamadianepartment of Geology, Faculty of basic sciences, University of Systan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranM. BoomeriDepartment of Geology, Faculty of basic sciences, University of Systan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.0000-0002-2659-5693A. AhmadiDepartment of Geology, Faculty of basic sciences, University of Systan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.A. A. Moridi FarimaniDepartment of Geology, Faculty of basic sciences, University of Systan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranH. DaglasMicro Analysis office, New Brunswick university, Fredericton, Canada.M. JamaliDepartment of Geology, Faculty of basic sciences, University of Systan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.Journal Article20090303<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit is located about 130 km to the northeast of Tabriz, northeast Iran. This deposit contains 796 million tons of ore with 0.61% Cu, 0.01% Mo, 0.016 ppm Au, 9.75 ppm Bi and Re (0.09 wt% of molybdenite). This research studies the </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">physico-chemical environment</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> using the chemical properties of minerals of this deposit. This deposit is related to granodiorite-diorite dikes and granodiorite stock that intruded into sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous and Eocene. Dominant alterations are potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic from center outward which are characteristics of continental margin porphyry copper deposits. Simultaneously with the supergene mineralization, an iron cap of iron oxides, iron hydroxides, copper oxides, sulfates, carbonates and copper phosphates were developed on top of the deposit and along the fractures. In conclusion, based on mineral chemistry, in 450<sup> º</sup>C and 0.5 kb pressure (PT condition of potassic zone), sulfur fugacity and pH is determined to be as: log</span>¦<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">S<sub>2</sub>=-18 to -24 an pH=2.5 to 7.5. In 350 <sup>º</sup>C and 0.5 kb pressure (PT condition of phyllic zone), oxygen and sulfur fugacities are: logƒO<sub>2</sub>= -20 to -33 and log</span>¦<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">S<sub>2</sub>=-6 to -15.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit is located about 130 km to the northeast of Tabriz, northeast Iran. This deposit contains 796 million tons of ore with 0.61% Cu, 0.01% Mo, 0.016 ppm Au, 9.75 ppm Bi and Re (0.09 wt% of molybdenite). This research studies the </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">physico-chemical environment</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> using the chemical properties of minerals of this deposit. This deposit is related to granodiorite-diorite dikes and granodiorite stock that intruded into sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous and Eocene. Dominant alterations are potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic from center outward which are characteristics of continental margin porphyry copper deposits. Simultaneously with the supergene mineralization, an iron cap of iron oxides, iron hydroxides, copper oxides, sulfates, carbonates and copper phosphates were developed on top of the deposit and along the fractures. In conclusion, based on mineral chemistry, in 450<sup> º</sup>C and 0.5 kb pressure (PT condition of potassic zone), sulfur fugacity and pH is determined to be as: log</span>¦<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">S<sub>2</sub>=-18 to -24 an pH=2.5 to 7.5. In 350 <sup>º</sup>C and 0.5 kb pressure (PT condition of phyllic zone), oxygen and sulfur fugacities are: logƒO<sub>2</sub>= -20 to -33 and log</span>¦<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">S<sub>2</sub>=-6 to -15.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522An Investigation into the Activity of the Neyshabour Fault, Khorasane Province, IranAn Investigation into the Activity of the Neyshabour Fault, Khorasane Province, Iran55605500610.22071/gsj.2018.55006FAM. FattahiInstitute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranS. Rostami MehrabanInstitute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranM. TalebianInstitute for Earth Sciences, Geological survey of Iran, Tehran, IranA. BahroudiFaculty of Mining Engineering, Engineering University collage, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJ. HollingsworthEarth Scienice Department, University of Cambridge, United KingdomR. WalkerEarth Scienice Department, University of Oxford, United KingdomJournal Article20090222Neyshabour (approximately 200,000 pop.) lies on the southern margin of the Binalud mountains in NE Iran. The city has been destroyed four times by major historical earthquakes (in 1209, 1270, 1389 and 1405 A.D.).Three large faults occur in the region. The Binalud and North Neyshabur faults lie at the foot of the Binalud range north of Neyshabour. The Neyshabour fault lies within the valley west of Neyshabour. The Neyshabour fault, which lies 10 km south of the North Neyshabur fault, is 50 km long thrust. At each end of the Neyshabour fault two young, 10 km-long, thrust segments occur. It is close to Neyshabour city; and is a probable source of the 1209 and 1405 earthquakes. It poses a substantial seismic risk to the city because of the potential for future activity. Slip rate is one of the important parameters for seismic hazard assessment which was determined using SRTM for offset measurement and OSL for age calculation. Luminescence was measured through 7 mm Hoya U-340 filters in a Risø (Model TL/OSL-DA-15) automated TL/OSL system. The equivalent dose (De) was obtained using the conventional quartz single aliquot regeneration method (Murray and Wintle, 2000). Twelve aliquots have been processed for the sample, of which only the aliquots were accepted that satisfied the SAR restrictions. De was estimated using analyst program. Age was calculated using a weighted mean De for the sample. The Dose rate was obtained using uranium, thorium and potassium concentrations, which were measured by Micro Nomand portable gamma spectrometer in field. The results are presented in Table 1. Dividing the displacement by the minimum and the maximum ages provided the slip rate to be 0.1-0.2mm/yr<em>.</em>Neyshabour (approximately 200,000 pop.) lies on the southern margin of the Binalud mountains in NE Iran. The city has been destroyed four times by major historical earthquakes (in 1209, 1270, 1389 and 1405 A.D.).Three large faults occur in the region. The Binalud and North Neyshabur faults lie at the foot of the Binalud range north of Neyshabour. The Neyshabour fault lies within the valley west of Neyshabour. The Neyshabour fault, which lies 10 km south of the North Neyshabur fault, is 50 km long thrust. At each end of the Neyshabour fault two young, 10 km-long, thrust segments occur. It is close to Neyshabour city; and is a probable source of the 1209 and 1405 earthquakes. It poses a substantial seismic risk to the city because of the potential for future activity. Slip rate is one of the important parameters for seismic hazard assessment which was determined using SRTM for offset measurement and OSL for age calculation. Luminescence was measured through 7 mm Hoya U-340 filters in a Risø (Model TL/OSL-DA-15) automated TL/OSL system. The equivalent dose (De) was obtained using the conventional quartz single aliquot regeneration method (Murray and Wintle, 2000). Twelve aliquots have been processed for the sample, of which only the aliquots were accepted that satisfied the SAR restrictions. De was estimated using analyst program. Age was calculated using a weighted mean De for the sample. The Dose rate was obtained using uranium, thorium and potassium concentrations, which were measured by Micro Nomand portable gamma spectrometer in field. The results are presented in Table 1. Dividing the displacement by the minimum and the maximum ages provided the slip rate to be 0.1-0.2mm/yr<em>.</em>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Determination of Ground Motion Attenuation Relationship in the Tehran RegionDetermination of Ground Motion Attenuation Relationship in the Tehran Region61665500910.22071/gsj.2018.55009FAKh. MotaghiInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, IranA. R. GhodsInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, IranH. R. SiahkoohiInstitute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20071208<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Study of ground motion attenuation in Tehran region is a very important aspect of determining a more precise hazard map of the city. For the last 10 years, three short period seismic networks have been operating in the study region by the Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran (IGUT). We have selected 47 events recorded by IGUT stations during 1996-2004 to estimate attenuation parameters for the study area. The selected events have provided 480 records with good spatial resolution. Only records with signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 4 have been selected. To find the distances at which the nature of geometrical spreading attenuation (<em>R<sup>-b</sup></em>) changes significantly, we use a local regression smoothing method called <em>Robust Lowess</em>. It is found that a tri-linear function having hinges at distances about 106±10 and 191±10 km describes the geometric spreading attenuation with distance. Using a tri-linear regression analysis, we found that <em>b<sub>1</sub>=1.1±0.1, b<sub>2</sub>=-0.4±0.1, b<sub>3</sub>=0.5</em> minimize the average absolute value of the residuals at a frequency of 4 Hz. The remaining attenuation is assumed to be caused by anelasticity. Using anelastic attenuation at different frequencies, the quality factor in Tehran region is obtained as </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Study of ground motion attenuation in Tehran region is a very important aspect of determining a more precise hazard map of the city. For the last 10 years, three short period seismic networks have been operating in the study region by the Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran (IGUT). We have selected 47 events recorded by IGUT stations during 1996-2004 to estimate attenuation parameters for the study area. The selected events have provided 480 records with good spatial resolution. Only records with signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 4 have been selected. To find the distances at which the nature of geometrical spreading attenuation (<em>R<sup>-b</sup></em>) changes significantly, we use a local regression smoothing method called <em>Robust Lowess</em>. It is found that a tri-linear function having hinges at distances about 106±10 and 191±10 km describes the geometric spreading attenuation with distance. Using a tri-linear regression analysis, we found that <em>b<sub>1</sub>=1.1±0.1, b<sub>2</sub>=-0.4±0.1, b<sub>3</sub>=0.5</em> minimize the average absolute value of the residuals at a frequency of 4 Hz. The remaining attenuation is assumed to be caused by anelasticity. Using anelastic attenuation at different frequencies, the quality factor in Tehran region is obtained as </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Geochemical Studies of Permian Bauxite-Kaolin Deposits in North of Saqqez, Kordestan ProvinceGeochemical Studies of Permian Bauxite-Kaolin Deposits in North of Saqqez, Kordestan Province67745504010.22071/gsj.2011.55040FAA. AbediniGeology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.A. A. CalagariGeology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20090121<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Depositional cessations during Permian period in north of Saqqez were associated with development of lenses of bauxite-kaolin ores in Ruteh carbonate formation. In one of these lenses considered, six lithologic units were recognized which are from bottom to the top, (1) dark brown red, (2) violet, (3) multicolor, (4) pink (5) yellow, and (6) white (kaolin). Calculations of absolute weathering index for these units indicate that elements such as Si, Na, K, P, Mn, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Lu were leached during the weathering processes from basaltic rocks and elements such as Th, U, Y, Nb, Hf, Zr, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb enriched. Whereas, elements such as Al, Fe, Ti, Rb, V, Cr, Ni, Co, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd have born leaching-fixation processes during the development of the weathered profile. The obtained results show that processes such as adsorption, scavenging and concentration by Fe-oxides and hydroxides, stability of metal-carrying complexes, variations in chemistry of weathering solutions, the presence of organic matters, fixation in neomorph phases, and the presence in the resistant mineral phases were the important factors that have played pronounced roles in distribution of elements in these deposits. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Depositional cessations during Permian period in north of Saqqez were associated with development of lenses of bauxite-kaolin ores in Ruteh carbonate formation. In one of these lenses considered, six lithologic units were recognized which are from bottom to the top, (1) dark brown red, (2) violet, (3) multicolor, (4) pink (5) yellow, and (6) white (kaolin). Calculations of absolute weathering index for these units indicate that elements such as Si, Na, K, P, Mn, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Lu were leached during the weathering processes from basaltic rocks and elements such as Th, U, Y, Nb, Hf, Zr, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb enriched. Whereas, elements such as Al, Fe, Ti, Rb, V, Cr, Ni, Co, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd have born leaching-fixation processes during the development of the weathered profile. The obtained results show that processes such as adsorption, scavenging and concentration by Fe-oxides and hydroxides, stability of metal-carrying complexes, variations in chemistry of weathering solutions, the presence of organic matters, fixation in neomorph phases, and the presence in the resistant mineral phases were the important factors that have played pronounced roles in distribution of elements in these deposits. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Structural Evidences of Continental Transpression in the Birk Area(SE Iran)Structural Evidences of Continental Transpression in the Birk Area(SE Iran)75825504310.22071/gsj.2011.55043FAE. MoosaviGeological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090503<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Some structural evidences of continental transpression are studied and compared with experimental modeling results in the Birk area. These evidences are: fold axes have a double plunging en-echelon pattern. Fold axes mean orientations and fracture cleavages strike form angles less than 45 degrees with the boundary faults. Strike-slip faults have an en-echelon and </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">domainal </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">pattern. Synthetic P Shears are more abundant than synthetic R shears. Flat tension vein (and normal faults) planes lie at a high-angle with respect to folds axes and this condition proposes some amounts of hinge-parallel extensions. Inclined dextral layer-parallel detachment faults and related structures such as asymmetric dextrally verging minor folds, traspressional and </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">trastensional </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">faults and large-scale half flower structures are other structural features of dextral transpression. It is believed that partitioning of dextral component of wrench-dominated continental transpression is due to reactivation of N-S striking basement faults in late Neogene.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Some structural evidences of continental transpression are studied and compared with experimental modeling results in the Birk area. These evidences are: fold axes have a double plunging en-echelon pattern. Fold axes mean orientations and fracture cleavages strike form angles less than 45 degrees with the boundary faults. Strike-slip faults have an en-echelon and </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">domainal </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">pattern. Synthetic P Shears are more abundant than synthetic R shears. Flat tension vein (and normal faults) planes lie at a high-angle with respect to folds axes and this condition proposes some amounts of hinge-parallel extensions. Inclined dextral layer-parallel detachment faults and related structures such as asymmetric dextrally verging minor folds, traspressional and </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">trastensional </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">faults and large-scale half flower structures are other structural features of dextral transpression. It is believed that partitioning of dextral component of wrench-dominated continental transpression is due to reactivation of N-S striking basement faults in late Neogene.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Nannostratigraphy of Sarcheshmeh and Sanganeh Formations, West of Kopet Dagh Basin (Takal Kuh Section)Nannostratigraphy of Sarcheshmeh and Sanganeh Formations, West of Kopet Dagh Basin (Takal Kuh Section)83945504510.22071/gsj.2011.55045FAA. MahanipourGeology Department, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
Geology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, IranA. KaniGeology Department, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.M. H. AdabiGeology Department, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.S. N. RaisossadatGeology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Birjand University, Birjand, IranJournal Article20090406<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Lower Cretaceous sedimentary succession of western Kopet Dagh Basin (Sarcheshmeh and Sanganeh formations) was investigated. Taking into account the considerable thickness of the studied section (1668 m) and the possibility of recording all the important events, determination of calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy was put on the agenda. This resulted in recognition of NC5, NC6 and NC7A nannofossil zones. Accordingly the age of the Sarcheshmeh Formation within the studied section is determined as Late Barremian- Early Aptian while the age of the Sanganeh Formation is late Early Aptian- early Late Aptian. The calcareous nannofossil assemblage of Sarcheshmeh and Sanganeh Formations has a Tethyan affinity with abundant warm-water varieties such as </span><em>Rhagodiscus</em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> spp. and </span><em>Nannoconus</em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> spp. while the cold-water species like </span><em>Repagulum</em><em>parvidentatum</em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> and </span><em>Seribiscutum</em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> spp. are rare.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Lower Cretaceous sedimentary succession of western Kopet Dagh Basin (Sarcheshmeh and Sanganeh formations) was investigated. Taking into account the considerable thickness of the studied section (1668 m) and the possibility of recording all the important events, determination of calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy was put on the agenda. This resulted in recognition of NC5, NC6 and NC7A nannofossil zones. Accordingly the age of the Sarcheshmeh Formation within the studied section is determined as Late Barremian- Early Aptian while the age of the Sanganeh Formation is late Early Aptian- early Late Aptian. The calcareous nannofossil assemblage of Sarcheshmeh and Sanganeh Formations has a Tethyan affinity with abundant warm-water varieties such as </span><em>Rhagodiscus</em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> spp. and </span><em>Nannoconus</em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> spp. while the cold-water species like </span><em>Repagulum</em><em>parvidentatum</em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> and </span><em>Seribiscutum</em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> spp. are rare.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Validation Study of Linear and Nonlinear Kriging Estimator on Ore-waste Grade Control ProcessValidation Study of Linear and Nonlinear Kriging Estimator on Ore-waste Grade Control Process951005504810.22071/gsj.2011.55048FAM. JalaliMining engineering group, Engineering and Technical Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.Gh. R. RahimipourMining engineering group, Engineering and Technical Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.M. R. DianatiRock controlling unit, Sarcheshmeh Complex, Rafsanjen, Iran.M. TaghvayinejadMining engineering group, Engineering and Technical Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.Journal Article20081230<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Facing to unsatisfied results in grade-tonnage estimation especially in dynamic programming is always being a great problem in mining revenue operation. If the problem is to estimate a grade point only, linear kriging estimators can show accurate results. But if target is to achieve to probability distribution estimation of a spatial zone for considering ore-waste block mixing control, using linear kriging methods with minimum estimation variance can’t be applied for an appropriate results. Most of probability function is nonlinear, therefore estimation of these function by nonlinear estimator showed an accurate results. Main target of this paper is to achieve to the most exact ore-waste boundaries in 2462.5 benchmark of Sarcheshmeh copper mine using indicator kriging (IK) as nonlinear estimator and comparing with ordinary kriging (OK) as linear estimator to evaluate validity of linear estimator. Because of OK dependency to normal distribution data for a given minimum estimation variance, utility data have been separated to ore and waste group using geological map and mine-sight. After this separation ore groups was approached to normal distribution and OK estimator can be applied for estimation. 25629 blocks were estimated by these two kinds of estimators. IK estimator classified 2905 blocks of total blocks as waste blocks, but OK estimator showed 2475 blocks as waste block. Finally IK estimator recommended as best estimator for ore and waste block separation and after this process using ordinary kriging estimator almost gave more confident estimation in ore blocks grade control process. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Facing to unsatisfied results in grade-tonnage estimation especially in dynamic programming is always being a great problem in mining revenue operation. If the problem is to estimate a grade point only, linear kriging estimators can show accurate results. But if target is to achieve to probability distribution estimation of a spatial zone for considering ore-waste block mixing control, using linear kriging methods with minimum estimation variance can’t be applied for an appropriate results. Most of probability function is nonlinear, therefore estimation of these function by nonlinear estimator showed an accurate results. Main target of this paper is to achieve to the most exact ore-waste boundaries in 2462.5 benchmark of Sarcheshmeh copper mine using indicator kriging (IK) as nonlinear estimator and comparing with ordinary kriging (OK) as linear estimator to evaluate validity of linear estimator. Because of OK dependency to normal distribution data for a given minimum estimation variance, utility data have been separated to ore and waste group using geological map and mine-sight. After this separation ore groups was approached to normal distribution and OK estimator can be applied for estimation. 25629 blocks were estimated by these two kinds of estimators. IK estimator classified 2905 blocks of total blocks as waste blocks, but OK estimator showed 2475 blocks as waste block. Finally IK estimator recommended as best estimator for ore and waste block separation and after this process using ordinary kriging estimator almost gave more confident estimation in ore blocks grade control process. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Geochemistry of Major Elements of Silisiclastic Deposites from Shirgesht Formation, in Kalmard Block, Centeral Iran, Implications for Provenance, Tectonic Setting,and Weathering IntensityGeochemistry of Major Elements of Silisiclastic Deposites from Shirgesht Formation, in Kalmard Block, Centeral Iran, Implications for Provenance, Tectonic Setting,and Weathering Intensity1011125505110.22071/gsj.2011.55051FAA. Bayet GollDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, IranM. Hosseini-BarziFaculty of Earth sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090307<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Geochemical analysis of major elements from 12 sampels from Shirgesht Formation</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">sandstones and shales with Ordovicien age</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">in sections of</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">kuh-Asheghan and Kuh-Rahdar at Kalmard block in Central Iran zone, and plotting these data on silisiclastic rocks classification diagrams, show that they are quartzarenite and shale. Moreover, the use of discrimination, biplot triangular diagrams determined the quartzose recycled provenance (craton and recycled orogen) and passive margin tectonic setting for these</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">deposites. These data suggest the quartzose sedimentary provenace for sandstones and intermediate to felsic ignious provenance for shale. Furthermore, determination of weathering influence in source area, by using CIA index, indicated that the source area of these deposites has been exposed to intense weathering. This can be explained by humid weather in source area of passive continental margin.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Geochemical analysis of major elements from 12 sampels from Shirgesht Formation</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">sandstones and shales with Ordovicien age</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">in sections of</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">kuh-Asheghan and Kuh-Rahdar at Kalmard block in Central Iran zone, and plotting these data on silisiclastic rocks classification diagrams, show that they are quartzarenite and shale. Moreover, the use of discrimination, biplot triangular diagrams determined the quartzose recycled provenance (craton and recycled orogen) and passive margin tectonic setting for these</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">deposites. These data suggest the quartzose sedimentary provenace for sandstones and intermediate to felsic ignious provenance for shale. Furthermore, determination of weathering influence in source area, by using CIA index, indicated that the source area of these deposites has been exposed to intense weathering. This can be explained by humid weather in source area of passive continental margin.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Magmatic Origin and Tectonic Setting of the Eocene - Oligocene Volcanic and Plutonic Rocks from the Zand-Abad Area,
NW Ahar (Tarom-Qaredagh Zone)Magmatic Origin and Tectonic Setting of the Eocene - Oligocene Volcanic and Plutonic Rocks from the Zand-Abad Area,
NW Ahar (Tarom-Qaredagh Zone)1131205505310.22071/gsj.2011.55053FAZ. AzimzadehDepartment of Geoloy, Natural science faculty, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranM. H. EmamiResearch Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranR. HajialioghliDepartment of Geoloy, Natural science faculty, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20070918<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Zand-Abad area is located in NW Ahar of north Azerbaijan. Magmatic rocks in this area consists of granitoids including monzogranite, granodiorite, monzonite and syenogranite as well as mafic rocks mainly diorite and associated extrusive rocks as andesite, trachyandesite, dacite, trachydacite, rhyolite. Subvolcanic rocks are porphyritic diorite and porphyritic monzodiorite. According to the different geochemical studies, the tectonic environment of Zand-Abad volcanic and plutonic rocks is determined as continental arc setting related to dilatory creep down subduction. This will be interpreted in relation with the Neotethyse post-collision activities. Considering the mineralogy and chemical evidence, we suggest that the Zand-Abad magmatic rock types (i.e. volcanic, sub-volcanic and plutonic rocks) have been derived from single magmatic source and undergone fractional crystallization, magma mixing and crustal contamination, resulting from hybrid granitoids. Magmatic series of the different types of magmatic rocks is alkaline. Calc-alkaline and shoshonite property of some samples is interpreted related to magma mixing and crustal contamination processes. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Zand-Abad area is located in NW Ahar of north Azerbaijan. Magmatic rocks in this area consists of granitoids including monzogranite, granodiorite, monzonite and syenogranite as well as mafic rocks mainly diorite and associated extrusive rocks as andesite, trachyandesite, dacite, trachydacite, rhyolite. Subvolcanic rocks are porphyritic diorite and porphyritic monzodiorite. According to the different geochemical studies, the tectonic environment of Zand-Abad volcanic and plutonic rocks is determined as continental arc setting related to dilatory creep down subduction. This will be interpreted in relation with the Neotethyse post-collision activities. Considering the mineralogy and chemical evidence, we suggest that the Zand-Abad magmatic rock types (i.e. volcanic, sub-volcanic and plutonic rocks) have been derived from single magmatic source and undergone fractional crystallization, magma mixing and crustal contamination, resulting from hybrid granitoids. Magmatic series of the different types of magmatic rocks is alkaline. Calc-alkaline and shoshonite property of some samples is interpreted related to magma mixing and crustal contamination processes. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Mapping of Hydrothermally Altered Areas Using ASTER and ETM+ Data in Northern Half of Baft Geological MapMapping of Hydrothermally Altered Areas Using ASTER and ETM+ Data in Northern Half of Baft Geological Map1211285505410.22071/gsj.2011.55054FAF. MasoumiDepartment of Mining Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.H. RanjbarDepartment of Mining Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.Journal Article20080614<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The study area covers the northern half of the Baft 1/100000 geological map in Dehaj-Sarduiyeh volcanic-sedimentary and ophiolitic belts. The aim of this research was application of multispectral ASTER and ETM<sup>+</sup> data for determining the altered areas by using different image processing techniques. In order to separate altered zones, false color composite of the ratios was applied on ASTER data that separated propylitic and phyllic/argillic altered zones. Separation of carbonate areas from the altered areas was achieved by making false color composite ratios. Another method for separation of carbonate areas from the altered zone was by applying principal component analysis (PCA) on short wave bands of ASTER data. A color composite of PC2, PC3, -PC4 in red, green and blue respectively was useful for separating carbonate from altered areas. Spectral Angle mapper method was also used for recognizing and mapping the minerals such as muscovite, chlorite, kaolinite, calcite and epidote in altered zones. Sampling from the altered areas and their analysis showed that this method could be used for recognizing the minerals in the altered areas, if they have enough spatial extent.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The study area covers the northern half of the Baft 1/100000 geological map in Dehaj-Sarduiyeh volcanic-sedimentary and ophiolitic belts. The aim of this research was application of multispectral ASTER and ETM<sup>+</sup> data for determining the altered areas by using different image processing techniques. In order to separate altered zones, false color composite of the ratios was applied on ASTER data that separated propylitic and phyllic/argillic altered zones. Separation of carbonate areas from the altered areas was achieved by making false color composite ratios. Another method for separation of carbonate areas from the altered zone was by applying principal component analysis (PCA) on short wave bands of ASTER data. A color composite of PC2, PC3, -PC4 in red, green and blue respectively was useful for separating carbonate from altered areas. Spectral Angle mapper method was also used for recognizing and mapping the minerals such as muscovite, chlorite, kaolinite, calcite and epidote in altered zones. Sampling from the altered areas and their analysis showed that this method could be used for recognizing the minerals in the altered areas, if they have enough spatial extent.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Ranking of Iran Minerals using Analytical Hierarchy ProcessRanking of Iran Minerals using Analytical Hierarchy Process1291365505710.22071/gsj.2011.55057FAR. SH. ShahabiIran University of Industries and Mines, Tehran, IranR. KakaieFaculty of Mining Engineering & Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IranM. H. BasiriFaculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20081122<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Mineral Resources which can be regarded as a best potential opportunity to sustainable development of the country. Consequently appropriate investment in exploitation of these reserves can achieve high value added to the most industries. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the priority of minerals for future investments. In this paper, the Analytical Hierarchy Process, in which a complex problem is modeled in a hierarchical structure showing the relationships of the goal, objectives (criteria) and alternatives, is used to recognize high priority 33 minerals for future investment with regards to the 6 criteria and 29 sub-criteria. For this purpose, on the bases of interview with mineral sector experts weights of criteria are calculated and then the piority of each mineral is determined for investments. The results show that copper, Iron, Phosphate, lead and zinc, coal, gold have high priority for future investments.</span>
<strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Mineral Resources which can be regarded as a best potential opportunity to sustainable development of the country. Consequently appropriate investment in exploitation of these reserves can achieve high value added to the most industries. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the priority of minerals for future investments. In this paper, the Analytical Hierarchy Process, in which a complex problem is modeled in a hierarchical structure showing the relationships of the goal, objectives (criteria) and alternatives, is used to recognize high priority 33 minerals for future investment with regards to the 6 criteria and 29 sub-criteria. For this purpose, on the bases of interview with mineral sector experts weights of criteria are calculated and then the piority of each mineral is determined for investments. The results show that copper, Iron, Phosphate, lead and zinc, coal, gold have high priority for future investments.</span>
<strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></strong>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Investigation on Confined Aquifer & its Role on Subsidence Occurrence in Hashtgerd PlainInvestigation on Confined Aquifer & its Role on Subsidence Occurrence in Hashtgerd Plain1371425505810.22071/gsj.2011.55058FAA. ShemshakiGeohazard, Engineering geology & Geotechnique Department, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-9928-9761Y. MohammadiGeohazard, Engineering geology & Geotechnique Department, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.M. J. BolourchiGeohazard, Engineering geology & Geotechnique Department, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20090111<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Based on recent research by geological survey of Iran (GSI), an extensive subsidence area was observed in Hashtgerd plain (Tehran province). The geographical position of this area is 35° 47' 45" to 35° 03' 05" N and 50° 29' 05" to 50° 54' 28" E. The maximum and mean rates of this subsidence are 16 and 8.4 cm per year. In general, the main aquifer of plain is composed of Kahrizak and Tehran formations. These formations are alluvium type. The Kahrizak formation consists of gravel, sand and silt. This formation scatters in north of plain. Tehran formation is composed of pebble, gravel, sand and clay in fluvial cone form. Toward the center and south of plain the amount of fine material increases. The subsidence is shown in Tehran formation only. Based on geoelectrical and well-logs data, the confined to semi confined aquifer area is recognized in south and west of Hashtgerd plain. This area is in accordance with subsidence area. In the upper part of confined aquifer we can find an unconfined aquifer. The whole of penetrated water from surface of plain recharges the unconfined aquifer. The extortion of water from confined aquifer and unconfined aquifer in north of plain has caused subsidence phenomena. The unique recharge resources of confined aquifer is unconfined aquifer in north of plain. To take notice of the position and properties of confined and unconfined aquifers in this place is very important in suitable planning and management to prevent and mitigate subsidence occurrence in future.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Based on recent research by geological survey of Iran (GSI), an extensive subsidence area was observed in Hashtgerd plain (Tehran province). The geographical position of this area is 35° 47' 45" to 35° 03' 05" N and 50° 29' 05" to 50° 54' 28" E. The maximum and mean rates of this subsidence are 16 and 8.4 cm per year. In general, the main aquifer of plain is composed of Kahrizak and Tehran formations. These formations are alluvium type. The Kahrizak formation consists of gravel, sand and silt. This formation scatters in north of plain. Tehran formation is composed of pebble, gravel, sand and clay in fluvial cone form. Toward the center and south of plain the amount of fine material increases. The subsidence is shown in Tehran formation only. Based on geoelectrical and well-logs data, the confined to semi confined aquifer area is recognized in south and west of Hashtgerd plain. This area is in accordance with subsidence area. In the upper part of confined aquifer we can find an unconfined aquifer. The whole of penetrated water from surface of plain recharges the unconfined aquifer. The extortion of water from confined aquifer and unconfined aquifer in north of plain has caused subsidence phenomena. The unique recharge resources of confined aquifer is unconfined aquifer in north of plain. To take notice of the position and properties of confined and unconfined aquifers in this place is very important in suitable planning and management to prevent and mitigate subsidence occurrence in future.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Chahmir Zn-Pb Deposit, a Typical Selwyn-Type (Vent Proximal) Sedex Deposit, Bafq Basin, Central IranChahmir Zn-Pb Deposit, a Typical Selwyn-Type (Vent Proximal) Sedex Deposit, Bafq Basin, Central Iran1431565506910.22071/gsj.2011.55069FAA. RajabiFaculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.E. RastadFaculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.N. Rshidnejad OmranFaculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.R. Mohammadi NiaeiAngooran Mining Company, Zanjan, Iran.Journal Article20081206<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Chahmir Zn-Pb deposit is one of several sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits (e.g., Koushk, Zarigan, Dareh Dehu & Cheshmeh Firuzeh) located in southeast of Bafq basin hosted within a Early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary sequence, simultaneous with global Cambrian ocean anoxic event, forming in a rift environment. The host rock units of the Chahmir Zn-Pb deposit includes organic-rich black siltstones with intercalations of tuff and silty tuff overlain by green carbonaceous tuffs. Based on nature of sulfide mineralization, mineralogy and textures of sulfide minerals, the Chahmir deposit can be divided into four different facies. Based on their situation towards the vent of mineralization fluid, these facies include: </span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1) A massive ore facies (Vent Complex) forms the thicker part of generally massive higher grade ores in east of the deposit. This facies includes two subfacies: the sulfide-silica-carbonate subfacies in center of massive ore and sulfide-carbonate subfacies around it. Sulfide minerals are observed as massive, replacement, vein-veinlets and brecciated colloform textures. 2) Vein-veinlets facies (Feeder Zone) includes sulfide veins and silica that form as a scissors of host rocks under the massive ore facies. Vein-veinlets and replacement textures form main features of this facies. 3) Bedded ore facies which is thinner than the massive ore facies and is characterized by layered and banded feature and low grade ore. This facies occurs as stratiform laminated and banded sulfides contemporaneous with the formation of the host rocks. 4) Distal facies is formed at west of the deposit which is actually a sedimentary equivalent of bedded ore facies. Main characteristics of this facies are presence of disseminated pyrite, banded chert and barite. The most important characteristics of mineralization at the Chahmir deposit such as tectonic setting, host rocks, mineralogy, diffrent facies, show similarities to siltstone and shale hosted Zn-Pb Sedex type deposits. Accordingly, Chahmir is regarded as a Selwyn-Type (Vent Proximal) SEDEX deposit.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Chahmir Zn-Pb deposit is one of several sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits (e.g., Koushk, Zarigan, Dareh Dehu & Cheshmeh Firuzeh) located in southeast of Bafq basin hosted within a Early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary sequence, simultaneous with global Cambrian ocean anoxic event, forming in a rift environment. The host rock units of the Chahmir Zn-Pb deposit includes organic-rich black siltstones with intercalations of tuff and silty tuff overlain by green carbonaceous tuffs. Based on nature of sulfide mineralization, mineralogy and textures of sulfide minerals, the Chahmir deposit can be divided into four different facies. Based on their situation towards the vent of mineralization fluid, these facies include: </span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1) A massive ore facies (Vent Complex) forms the thicker part of generally massive higher grade ores in east of the deposit. This facies includes two subfacies: the sulfide-silica-carbonate subfacies in center of massive ore and sulfide-carbonate subfacies around it. Sulfide minerals are observed as massive, replacement, vein-veinlets and brecciated colloform textures. 2) Vein-veinlets facies (Feeder Zone) includes sulfide veins and silica that form as a scissors of host rocks under the massive ore facies. Vein-veinlets and replacement textures form main features of this facies. 3) Bedded ore facies which is thinner than the massive ore facies and is characterized by layered and banded feature and low grade ore. This facies occurs as stratiform laminated and banded sulfides contemporaneous with the formation of the host rocks. 4) Distal facies is formed at west of the deposit which is actually a sedimentary equivalent of bedded ore facies. Main characteristics of this facies are presence of disseminated pyrite, banded chert and barite. The most important characteristics of mineralization at the Chahmir deposit such as tectonic setting, host rocks, mineralogy, diffrent facies, show similarities to siltstone and shale hosted Zn-Pb Sedex type deposits. Accordingly, Chahmir is regarded as a Selwyn-Type (Vent Proximal) SEDEX deposit.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Provenance of the Givetian-Frasnian Sandstones in the Kuh-e-Tizi Section (Northeastern Kerman), Central IranProvenance of the Givetian-Frasnian Sandstones in the Kuh-e-Tizi Section (Northeastern Kerman), Central Iran1571645507110.22071/gsj.2011.55071FAS. H. HejaziDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Science & Research Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranM. H. AdabiSchool of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranS. R. Moussavi HaramiDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20090222The Givetian-Frasnian sandstones in the Kuh-e-Tizi section (25 km NE Kerman), unconformably overlie the Upper Cambrian Kuhbanan and underlie the Lower Carboniferous Hutk Formations respectively, in southeastern Central Iran. Petrographical data show that these sandstones are well-sorted, sub-angular to rounded quartzarenite. Diagenetic features include physical and chemical compactions (straight, concavo-convex, sutured grain contacts and pressure solution of quartz grain), reduction of the pore space through rearrangements and cementation (mostly silica, as quartz overgrowth). The provenance and tectonic setting of these sandstones have been interpreted using integrated petrographic and geochemical data. Petrographic analysis using standard methods revealed that mono and poly-crystalline quartz grains have been derived from plutonic rocks of an interior cratonic setting. Trace element analyses and their ratios used for provenance studies (Th/Sc and La/Sc) are similar to sediments derived from weathering of mostly felsic rocks. Values representing chemical index of alteration (CIA) and the plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) range from 44.24 to 83.43, with an average of 69.96, and from 42.98 to 92.56, with an average of 75.8, respectively. However, most samples have values greater than 60, suggesting moderate to high weathering in the source area or during transportation prior to find deposition. Major and trace element concentrations indicated a depositional setting in a passive continental margin.The Givetian-Frasnian sandstones in the Kuh-e-Tizi section (25 km NE Kerman), unconformably overlie the Upper Cambrian Kuhbanan and underlie the Lower Carboniferous Hutk Formations respectively, in southeastern Central Iran. Petrographical data show that these sandstones are well-sorted, sub-angular to rounded quartzarenite. Diagenetic features include physical and chemical compactions (straight, concavo-convex, sutured grain contacts and pressure solution of quartz grain), reduction of the pore space through rearrangements and cementation (mostly silica, as quartz overgrowth). The provenance and tectonic setting of these sandstones have been interpreted using integrated petrographic and geochemical data. Petrographic analysis using standard methods revealed that mono and poly-crystalline quartz grains have been derived from plutonic rocks of an interior cratonic setting. Trace element analyses and their ratios used for provenance studies (Th/Sc and La/Sc) are similar to sediments derived from weathering of mostly felsic rocks. Values representing chemical index of alteration (CIA) and the plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) range from 44.24 to 83.43, with an average of 69.96, and from 42.98 to 92.56, with an average of 75.8, respectively. However, most samples have values greater than 60, suggesting moderate to high weathering in the source area or during transportation prior to find deposition. Major and trace element concentrations indicated a depositional setting in a passive continental margin.Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522The Significance of Parameters Used for Self-Organized Tectonic Zoning of IranThe Significance of Parameters Used for Self-Organized Tectonic Zoning of Iran1651705507210.22071/gsj.2011.55072FAAhmad Zamaniearth sience , sience , Azad , shiraz , IranS. Farahi Ghasre AboonasrDepartment of Earth Sciences, Collage of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20080901<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Iranian plateau is one of the active tectonic regions on the earth. Non-uniformly distribution of deformation and repetitive activity of faults have cause a complex pattern of tectonic and seismotectonic activity of Iran. Therefore, in order to study the seismic and geological behaviors of different parts of the country one has to perform tectonic and seismotectonic zoning. Tectonic and seismotectonic zoning of Iran began by conventional methods in the past and developed by numerical zoning in recent years. Conventional methods aren't capable for producing detailed zoning maps. Recently numerical data and statistical and mathematical models have used for produce modern numerical maps. The advantage of numerical pattern recognition is that this method is a powerful tool for objective interpretation of massive of data. Multivariate statistical methods not only apply for tectonic zoning, but also this is useful to reveal the degree of significance and relationship between effective variables on tectonic zoning. In this paper, a large numbers of up-to-date geophysical, seismological, geological and geomorphological data have analyzed by using multivariate statistical methods to produced self-organized numerical tectonic and seismotectonic zoning of Iran. Based on this techniques a seven zoning tectonic and seismotectonic map has constructed for Iran. The role and significance of various parameters have also investigated using ANOVA method. The results indicate that some of the parameters play more important role in self-organized zoning. Based on relationships between parameters, they are been classified into 12 groups. Variables in each group present maximum correlation with each other. It is interesting to note that despite the frequent application of a- and b- values of the Gutenberg Richter magnitude frequency formula, these values show poor correlation with others and do not play a significant role in zoning. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Iranian plateau is one of the active tectonic regions on the earth. Non-uniformly distribution of deformation and repetitive activity of faults have cause a complex pattern of tectonic and seismotectonic activity of Iran. Therefore, in order to study the seismic and geological behaviors of different parts of the country one has to perform tectonic and seismotectonic zoning. Tectonic and seismotectonic zoning of Iran began by conventional methods in the past and developed by numerical zoning in recent years. Conventional methods aren't capable for producing detailed zoning maps. Recently numerical data and statistical and mathematical models have used for produce modern numerical maps. The advantage of numerical pattern recognition is that this method is a powerful tool for objective interpretation of massive of data. Multivariate statistical methods not only apply for tectonic zoning, but also this is useful to reveal the degree of significance and relationship between effective variables on tectonic zoning. In this paper, a large numbers of up-to-date geophysical, seismological, geological and geomorphological data have analyzed by using multivariate statistical methods to produced self-organized numerical tectonic and seismotectonic zoning of Iran. Based on this techniques a seven zoning tectonic and seismotectonic map has constructed for Iran. The role and significance of various parameters have also investigated using ANOVA method. The results indicate that some of the parameters play more important role in self-organized zoning. Based on relationships between parameters, they are been classified into 12 groups. Variables in each group present maximum correlation with each other. It is interesting to note that despite the frequent application of a- and b- values of the Gutenberg Richter magnitude frequency formula, these values show poor correlation with others and do not play a significant role in zoning. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate–Evaporite Successions of Dashtak Formation in Aghar#1and West Aghar#1 Boreholes in Aghar Gas FieldSequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate–Evaporite Successions of Dashtak Formation in Aghar#1and West Aghar#1 Boreholes in Aghar Gas Field1711825511710.22071/gsj.2011.55117FAM. KhoshnoodkiaDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.H. MohseniDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.M. HajianExploration and Production Office, National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20080126Carbonate – evaporates intervals of Dashtak formation is an important cap rocks in Zagros basin. Sequence stratigraphic analysis of Dashtak Formation in two wells (Aghar#1; West Aghar#1) was investigated in sequence stratigraphic framework. Data obtained from petrographic examinations of thin sections prepared from cuttings, in addition, a full suite of gamma ray and sonic logs were interpreted. Dashtak Formation comprises eight facies belts that are: (i) detrital clastics, (ii) supratidal, (iii) tidal flat, (iv) lagoon, (v) shoal, (vi) restricted marine, (vii) open marine, (viii) mid ramp. Dashtak Formation consists of four sequences with four transgressive, regressive and maximum flooding surfaces. Two sequence boundaries type I and three sequence boundaries type II were recognized in the Dashtak Formation. As far the depositional environment of the formation is interpreted as a homocline ramp with mild lateral changes in depositional environment, hence negligible lateral changes of stratigraphic sequences are expected in the study area.Carbonate – evaporates intervals of Dashtak formation is an important cap rocks in Zagros basin. Sequence stratigraphic analysis of Dashtak Formation in two wells (Aghar#1; West Aghar#1) was investigated in sequence stratigraphic framework. Data obtained from petrographic examinations of thin sections prepared from cuttings, in addition, a full suite of gamma ray and sonic logs were interpreted. Dashtak Formation comprises eight facies belts that are: (i) detrital clastics, (ii) supratidal, (iii) tidal flat, (iv) lagoon, (v) shoal, (vi) restricted marine, (vii) open marine, (viii) mid ramp. Dashtak Formation consists of four sequences with four transgressive, regressive and maximum flooding surfaces. Two sequence boundaries type I and three sequence boundaries type II were recognized in the Dashtak Formation. As far the depositional environment of the formation is interpreted as a homocline ramp with mild lateral changes in depositional environment, hence negligible lateral changes of stratigraphic sequences are expected in the study area.Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429207920110522Biostratigraphy Study of Gurpi Formation in Poldokhtar Section (Kuh-Soltan Anticline) based on Calcareous NannofossilsBiostratigraphy Study of Gurpi Formation in Poldokhtar Section (Kuh-Soltan Anticline) based on Calcareous Nannofossils1831885512110.22071/gsj.2011.55121FAM. A. SinaGeology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranA. AghanabatiGeological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranA. L. KaniFaculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranA. R. BahadoriGeology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranJournal Article20090729Calcareous nannofossils are suitable for biostratigarphical studies since they are abundant, planktonic, rapidly evolving and largely cosmopolitan, especially in the late Cretaceous. In this regards, 131 microscopic slides from shale and marl sediments of Gurpi formation of Poldokhtar section with thickness of 320 meters were collected. Out of this, 22 genera and 35 species were determined and their range chart is plotted. The distribution of nannofossil species indicates that there are 9 biozones in the study Poldokhtar section that can be separated, based on first occurrence (FO) of index species. They can be placed in CC18-CC26 of Sissingh (1977) time zones. On this basis, the age of sedimentation of this formation can be suggested to be from lower Companion to late Masstrichtian. In addition, presence of index species of low latitude in Poldokhtar section of Gurpi formation shows that this sedimentary basin was located in low latitude at the time of sedimentation. Calcareous nannofossils are suitable for biostratigarphical studies since they are abundant, planktonic, rapidly evolving and largely cosmopolitan, especially in the late Cretaceous. In this regards, 131 microscopic slides from shale and marl sediments of Gurpi formation of Poldokhtar section with thickness of 320 meters were collected. Out of this, 22 genera and 35 species were determined and their range chart is plotted. The distribution of nannofossil species indicates that there are 9 biozones in the study Poldokhtar section that can be separated, based on first occurrence (FO) of index species. They can be placed in CC18-CC26 of Sissingh (1977) time zones. On this basis, the age of sedimentation of this formation can be suggested to be from lower Companion to late Masstrichtian. In addition, presence of index species of low latitude in Poldokhtar section of Gurpi formation shows that this sedimentary basin was located in low latitude at the time of sedimentation.