Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Biostratigraphy of the Middle - Late Jurassic Rocks, West of Binalud Range (Baghi) Northwest of NeyshabourBiostratigraphy of the Middle - Late Jurassic Rocks, West of Binalud Range (Baghi) Northwest of Neyshabour3145512510.22071/gsj.2011.55125FAA. R. AshouriDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranM. R. MajidifardResearch Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranM. VahidiniaDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranA. RaoufianDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20080524A thick succession of Middle – Late Jurassic rocks in the western part of BinaludRange has been studied. This succession consists mainly of limestone, marly limestone and marl. The thickness of the succession in the study section (Baghi, north of Neyshabour) is 709 meters and is subdivided into 4 members. The lower boundary with the underlying dark shale and upper boundary with the overlying buff limestone are inconspicuous and transitional. Ammonites are the most important and abundant macrofossils in this section. 43 genera and 76 species have been identified among them 8 species are reported for the first time from Iran. Based on the ammonite fauna, Early Bathonian to Kimmeridjian ages are purposed for these rocks. The fauna show close relationship to Sub- Mediterranean province and there is a great similarity between ammonite fauna of the investigated area with Kope – Dagh and AlborzRange.A thick succession of Middle – Late Jurassic rocks in the western part of BinaludRange has been studied. This succession consists mainly of limestone, marly limestone and marl. The thickness of the succession in the study section (Baghi, north of Neyshabour) is 709 meters and is subdivided into 4 members. The lower boundary with the underlying dark shale and upper boundary with the overlying buff limestone are inconspicuous and transitional. Ammonites are the most important and abundant macrofossils in this section. 43 genera and 76 species have been identified among them 8 species are reported for the first time from Iran. Based on the ammonite fauna, Early Bathonian to Kimmeridjian ages are purposed for these rocks. The fauna show close relationship to Sub- Mediterranean province and there is a great similarity between ammonite fauna of the investigated area with Kope – Dagh and AlborzRange.Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Determination of Desert Areas in Iran on the Bases of Geological Effected FactorsDetermination of Desert Areas in Iran on the Bases of Geological Effected Factors15225512810.22071/gsj.2011.55128FAM. KhosroshahiResearch Institute of Forests and Ranglands, Tehran, IranF. MahmoudiFaculty of Geography, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.M. T. KashkiAgriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorasan Province, Khorasan Province, Iran.Journal Article20081103In this article, we try to study deserts of Iran on the basis of geological specifications with the help of 1:100000, 1:250000 scaled maps of G.S.I and N.I.O.C using Geographical Information System (GIS) methodology. Then quaternary and evaporate formations in every study province were recognized. Saline and evaporatic formations were determined as “primary deserts”. With overlaying drainage network on the basic map of Quaternary formations, the secondary deserts were recognized. Both of these processes (The primary and secondary deserts) have formed provincial deserts. After recognition of the provincial deserts in the country map by utilization of the coordinate system of Iran's map georeferences and control check point all desert units were set up on the whole country map. Results showed that 12.6% (208041 km2) of Iran is known as deserts formed by evaporate formations.In this article, we try to study deserts of Iran on the basis of geological specifications with the help of 1:100000, 1:250000 scaled maps of G.S.I and N.I.O.C using Geographical Information System (GIS) methodology. Then quaternary and evaporate formations in every study province were recognized. Saline and evaporatic formations were determined as “primary deserts”. With overlaying drainage network on the basic map of Quaternary formations, the secondary deserts were recognized. Both of these processes (The primary and secondary deserts) have formed provincial deserts. After recognition of the provincial deserts in the country map by utilization of the coordinate system of Iran's map georeferences and control check point all desert units were set up on the whole country map. Results showed that 12.6% (208041 km2) of Iran is known as deserts formed by evaporate formations.Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Biostratigraphy and Studying the Hypothesis uses of Rugoglobigerina in Appointing the Paleosalinity in Central Alborz, MaastrichtianBiostratigraphy and Studying the Hypothesis uses of Rugoglobigerina in Appointing the Paleosalinity in Central Alborz, Maastrichtian23325513310.22071/gsj.2011.55133FAM. Asgharian RostamiFaculty of Science, Department of Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranE. Ghasemi-NejadSchool of Geology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranM. Shafiee ArdestaniFaculty of Science, Department of Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-4872-7220B. BalmakiFaculty of Science, Department of Geology, Payame Noor university of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090515In order to studying salinity and biostratigraphy in Central Alborz basin, two sections Jorband and Ziarat-kola are sampled and studied Planktonic foraminifera and Echinoids fossil. Studying of foraminifera In Ziarat-Kola section determining three biozone by planktonic foraminifera. 1: <em>Racemiguembelina fructicosa </em>Interval zone<strong> </strong>2:<em>Pseudoguembelina hariaensis</em> Interval zone 3: <em>Pseudoguembelina palpebra </em>Interval zone.that showing late maastrichtian. As well, at Jorband section assigning three biozone by Planktonic foraminifera 1:<em> Contusotruncana contusa</em> Interval zone, 2: <em>Planoglobulina brazoensis</em> Partial range zone, 3- <em>Racemiguembelina fructicosa</em> Interval zone. That showing maastrichtian. Likewise, in order to determining Paleosalinity select two sections at Jorband and Ziarat-Kola. Main object assigning Paleosalinity confirm sensitive <em>Rugoglobigerina </em>to changes of salinity. At former section used from excessive changes of Echinocorys and in later one used from ratio of kinds Foraminifera tests (Porcelaneous, Agglutinate and Hyaline). In middle parts of Ziarat-Kola section, percentage of porcelaneous tests was more than basal and upper ones. In middle parts of Jorband section salinity was less than basal and upper ones that examined by abundancy of the genus of Echinocorys. Physiological changes of body in this echinoderm also justify salinity changes throughout Jorband section. According to <em>Whitenella</em> is ancestor of <em>Rugoglobigerina </em>and also sensitive to salinity, it is possible that <em>Rugoglobigerina </em>show characteristic of its ancestor that justify by studying of salinity changes in two section of Central Alborz.
<strong> </strong>In order to studying salinity and biostratigraphy in Central Alborz basin, two sections Jorband and Ziarat-kola are sampled and studied Planktonic foraminifera and Echinoids fossil. Studying of foraminifera In Ziarat-Kola section determining three biozone by planktonic foraminifera. 1: <em>Racemiguembelina fructicosa </em>Interval zone<strong> </strong>2:<em>Pseudoguembelina hariaensis</em> Interval zone 3: <em>Pseudoguembelina palpebra </em>Interval zone.that showing late maastrichtian. As well, at Jorband section assigning three biozone by Planktonic foraminifera 1:<em> Contusotruncana contusa</em> Interval zone, 2: <em>Planoglobulina brazoensis</em> Partial range zone, 3- <em>Racemiguembelina fructicosa</em> Interval zone. That showing maastrichtian. Likewise, in order to determining Paleosalinity select two sections at Jorband and Ziarat-Kola. Main object assigning Paleosalinity confirm sensitive <em>Rugoglobigerina </em>to changes of salinity. At former section used from excessive changes of Echinocorys and in later one used from ratio of kinds Foraminifera tests (Porcelaneous, Agglutinate and Hyaline). In middle parts of Ziarat-Kola section, percentage of porcelaneous tests was more than basal and upper ones. In middle parts of Jorband section salinity was less than basal and upper ones that examined by abundancy of the genus of Echinocorys. Physiological changes of body in this echinoderm also justify salinity changes throughout Jorband section. According to <em>Whitenella</em> is ancestor of <em>Rugoglobigerina </em>and also sensitive to salinity, it is possible that <em>Rugoglobigerina </em>show characteristic of its ancestor that justify by studying of salinity changes in two section of Central Alborz.
<strong> </strong>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Assessment of Relative Active Tectonics using Morphometric Analysis, Case Study of Dez River (Southwestern, Iran)Assessment of Relative Active Tectonics using Morphometric Analysis, Case Study of Dez River (Southwestern, Iran)33465513410.22071/gsj.2011.55134FAM. AbdidehScience & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranM. QorashiResearch Institute for Geosciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran0000-0002-1600-0350K. RangzanDepartment of Remote Sensing and GIS, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, IranM. AryanScience & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090518This paper present a new method for evaluating relative active tectonics based on morphometric indices useful in evaluating morphology and topography. Indices used include: Bifurcation ratio (BR), Basin Relief (Bh), Drainage Density (DD), Ruggedness number (Rn), Stream frequency (Fu), Form Factor (FF), Shape Factor (Ll), Sinuosity (Sl) and Elongation ratio (Re) of drainage basin. Results from the analysis are accumulated and expressed as an index of relative active tectonics, which we divide to from relatively low to highest tectonic activity. The study area in the central Zagros fold – thrust belt of the south western Iran is an ideal location to test the concept of an index to predict relative tectonic activity on a basis of area rather than river system or mountain front. The study area has variable rates of active tectonics resulting from the collision between the continental Arabian plate and the so – called Iranian block belonging to Eurasia that has produced linear NW – SE anticline forms and thrusts. We test the hypothesis that areas of known, relatively high rates of active tectonics are associated with indicative value index of relative active tectonics.
This paper present a new method for evaluating relative active tectonics based on morphometric indices useful in evaluating morphology and topography. Indices used include: Bifurcation ratio (BR), Basin Relief (Bh), Drainage Density (DD), Ruggedness number (Rn), Stream frequency (Fu), Form Factor (FF), Shape Factor (Ll), Sinuosity (Sl) and Elongation ratio (Re) of drainage basin. Results from the analysis are accumulated and expressed as an index of relative active tectonics, which we divide to from relatively low to highest tectonic activity. The study area in the central Zagros fold – thrust belt of the south western Iran is an ideal location to test the concept of an index to predict relative tectonic activity on a basis of area rather than river system or mountain front. The study area has variable rates of active tectonics resulting from the collision between the continental Arabian plate and the so – called Iranian block belonging to Eurasia that has produced linear NW – SE anticline forms and thrusts. We test the hypothesis that areas of known, relatively high rates of active tectonics are associated with indicative value index of relative active tectonics.
Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Geochemistry and Geological Setting of Chromitites of Aland Area from the Khoy Ophiolite Complex, NW IranGeochemistry and Geological Setting of Chromitites of Aland Area from the Khoy Ophiolite Complex, NW Iran47565513510.22071/gsj.2011.55135FAA. ImamalipourDepartment of Mining Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20081216The Khoy ophiolite complex in northwest Iran hosts several podiform chromitite bodies. The chromitite deposits of Aland area in this ophiolite have lenticular, tabular and irregular vein shapes and emplaced in depleted mantle hurzburgite. Chromitites have different textures including disseminated, massive, nodular, banded and cataclastic textures. The ore bodies are surrounded by dunitic envelopes of variable thickness. Mineral chemistry of chromite grains indicate that they are recognized by #Cr [Cr/(Cr+Al)] values range between 0.66 and 0.88, #Mg [Mg/( Mg +Fe<sup>+2</sup>)] values range between 0.42 and 0.66. Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MgO values range between 45.89 and 54.95 %, 8.53-17.18 % and 8.38-14.29% respectively. There is a negative correlation among #Cr and #Mg of chromites, typical of podiform chromitites. The composition of chromites including #Cr, #Mg, their contents of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, MgO and TiO<sub>2</sub> and also correlation coefficients between different components of them have conformity with total composition of podiform chromitites. Compositions of chromites in Aland area correspond to Cr-rich chromites with #Cr>0.6 and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><25%. Their lower content of TiO<sub>2</sub> accompanied with their compositional location in TiO<sub>2</sub> vs. Cr/(Cr+Al) and TiO<sub>2</sub> vs. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> diagrams may reflect the crystallization of chromites from boninitic magmas in supra-subduction geotectonic setting. The bulk rock analyses of chromitites indicate that their Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> values have widespread range, 19-51.6 wt %. Compositional variations in their Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, SiO<sub>2 </sub>and MgO components are reflections of their textural characteristics. The Khoy ophiolite complex in northwest Iran hosts several podiform chromitite bodies. The chromitite deposits of Aland area in this ophiolite have lenticular, tabular and irregular vein shapes and emplaced in depleted mantle hurzburgite. Chromitites have different textures including disseminated, massive, nodular, banded and cataclastic textures. The ore bodies are surrounded by dunitic envelopes of variable thickness. Mineral chemistry of chromite grains indicate that they are recognized by #Cr [Cr/(Cr+Al)] values range between 0.66 and 0.88, #Mg [Mg/( Mg +Fe<sup>+2</sup>)] values range between 0.42 and 0.66. Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MgO values range between 45.89 and 54.95 %, 8.53-17.18 % and 8.38-14.29% respectively. There is a negative correlation among #Cr and #Mg of chromites, typical of podiform chromitites. The composition of chromites including #Cr, #Mg, their contents of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, MgO and TiO<sub>2</sub> and also correlation coefficients between different components of them have conformity with total composition of podiform chromitites. Compositions of chromites in Aland area correspond to Cr-rich chromites with #Cr>0.6 and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><25%. Their lower content of TiO<sub>2</sub> accompanied with their compositional location in TiO<sub>2</sub> vs. Cr/(Cr+Al) and TiO<sub>2</sub> vs. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> diagrams may reflect the crystallization of chromites from boninitic magmas in supra-subduction geotectonic setting. The bulk rock analyses of chromitites indicate that their Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> values have widespread range, 19-51.6 wt %. Compositional variations in their Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, SiO<sub>2 </sub>and MgO components are reflections of their textural characteristics. Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Study Runoff and Soil Lose in Map Units of Hiv Watershed, Measurements and Comparision at the Rainfall Simulator ScaleStudy Runoff and Soil Lose in Map Units of Hiv Watershed, Measurements and Comparision at the Rainfall Simulator Scale57625513610.22071/gsj.2011.55136FAM. R. Sheykh RabieeWatershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Sciencce and Research Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranS. FeizniaFaculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranH. R PeyrowanSoil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20100116Soil erosion is one of the improper natural phenomenons. Soil erosion affects on soil degradation. To study and estimate sediment yield, there are several methods. Rainfall simulator is one of them. At this research, in first step, the work units map is prepared by overlying lithology, erosion and dip maps with together. At each work unit, 51 soil samples obtained in 17 stations. Volume of runoff and weight of sediment of each rainfall simulator test measured. The rainfall simulator was two kinds; one has rain surface 84 cm × 120 cm and the other one 25 cm × 25 cm. Every two kinds are adjustable in various dip degrees. The results in Hiv watershed showed that the highest producted runoff occurred in limestone and dolomite lithology with surface and rill erosion types at general dip more than 40 % and highest amount sediment yield is happened in sandstone lithology with surface and rill erosion types at general dip more than 40 %. With attention to the results and generalization of them to soil lose amount of Hiv watershed, for one rainfall event with 19 <em>mm/h</em> intensity at 30 minutes duration, the total soil lose of the watershed, 1057.74 ton is estimatedSoil erosion is one of the improper natural phenomenons. Soil erosion affects on soil degradation. To study and estimate sediment yield, there are several methods. Rainfall simulator is one of them. At this research, in first step, the work units map is prepared by overlying lithology, erosion and dip maps with together. At each work unit, 51 soil samples obtained in 17 stations. Volume of runoff and weight of sediment of each rainfall simulator test measured. The rainfall simulator was two kinds; one has rain surface 84 cm × 120 cm and the other one 25 cm × 25 cm. Every two kinds are adjustable in various dip degrees. The results in Hiv watershed showed that the highest producted runoff occurred in limestone and dolomite lithology with surface and rill erosion types at general dip more than 40 % and highest amount sediment yield is happened in sandstone lithology with surface and rill erosion types at general dip more than 40 %. With attention to the results and generalization of them to soil lose amount of Hiv watershed, for one rainfall event with 19 <em>mm/h</em> intensity at 30 minutes duration, the total soil lose of the watershed, 1057.74 ton is estimatedGeological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Prediction of Shear Wave Velocity from Porosity Logs Using Fuzzy Logic & Neuro-Fuzzy Techniques in One of the Iranian Southern Carbonate ReservoirsPrediction of Shear Wave Velocity from Porosity Logs Using Fuzzy Logic & Neuro-Fuzzy Techniques in One of the Iranian Southern Carbonate Reservoirs63705522110.22071/gsj.2018.55221FAM. RajabiSchool of Geology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranB. BohloliSchool of Geology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranM. MohammadiniaNational Iranian Oil Company, Exploration Directorate, Tehran, IranE. Gholampour Ahangar, Tehran, Iran(3Petroleum Engineering and Development Company (PEDECJournal Article20080805<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The shear and compressional wave velocities (Vs and Vp, respectively) have many applications in petrophysical, geophysical and geomechanical studies. Vp is very easily obtained from sonic logs that are available in most of oil and gas wells, but some wells (especially old wells) may not have Vs data. In this study Vs was predicted from porosity well log data (neutron, density and sonic) using fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy techniques. For this purpose a total of 3910 data points from Sarvak carbonate reservoir which have Vs and porosity log data were utilized. These data were divided into two parts, one part included 2046 data points used for constructing models and the other part included 1864 data points used for testing models. The results show that fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy techniques were useful methods for prediction of Vs in this carbonate oil reservoir.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The shear and compressional wave velocities (Vs and Vp, respectively) have many applications in petrophysical, geophysical and geomechanical studies. Vp is very easily obtained from sonic logs that are available in most of oil and gas wells, but some wells (especially old wells) may not have Vs data. In this study Vs was predicted from porosity well log data (neutron, density and sonic) using fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy techniques. For this purpose a total of 3910 data points from Sarvak carbonate reservoir which have Vs and porosity log data were utilized. These data were divided into two parts, one part included 2046 data points used for constructing models and the other part included 1864 data points used for testing models. The results show that fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy techniques were useful methods for prediction of Vs in this carbonate oil reservoir.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823The Effect of Izeh Transverse Fault Zone Reactivation on the Deformation of Sedimentary Cover in Zagros Fold-Thrust BeltThe Effect of Izeh Transverse Fault Zone Reactivation on the Deformation of Sedimentary Cover in Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt71885522210.22071/gsj.2011.55222FAZ. DavoodiDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranA. YassaghiDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-0984-7721Journal Article20080613<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Geometry and kinematics analyses of structures developed along one of the transverse fault zone (Izeh) in the Zagros fold-thrust belt has been presented to document the origin and to present the effect of this fault zone on the belt structures. Surface deformation of Izeh fault zone on the cover sediments are including changes on the Zagros major structures trends and development of minor structures (such as minor folds and faults) that are overprinted on the belt major structures. Detaeled structural mapping showed the precense of three major restraining zones between the mapped subsurface en-echelon faults along the Izeh fault zone in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. Analysis of isopach maps, facies variation of formations together with interpretation of seismic reflection profiles showed that these subsurfase faults are younger orders of the Izeh fault zone reactivation as a basement fault. Oblique convergence of the Arabian Plate toward the Central Iran is in favor for the reactivation of the fault zone and formation of surface deformations along it. Based on earthquake data this reactivation is continuing until the present time. The result of this study can be used for interpretation of deformation on the sedimentary cover along the similar transvers fault zone in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Geometry and kinematics analyses of structures developed along one of the transverse fault zone (Izeh) in the Zagros fold-thrust belt has been presented to document the origin and to present the effect of this fault zone on the belt structures. Surface deformation of Izeh fault zone on the cover sediments are including changes on the Zagros major structures trends and development of minor structures (such as minor folds and faults) that are overprinted on the belt major structures. Detaeled structural mapping showed the precense of three major restraining zones between the mapped subsurface en-echelon faults along the Izeh fault zone in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. Analysis of isopach maps, facies variation of formations together with interpretation of seismic reflection profiles showed that these subsurfase faults are younger orders of the Izeh fault zone reactivation as a basement fault. Oblique convergence of the Arabian Plate toward the Central Iran is in favor for the reactivation of the fault zone and formation of surface deformations along it. Based on earthquake data this reactivation is continuing until the present time. The result of this study can be used for interpretation of deformation on the sedimentary cover along the similar transvers fault zone in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Quaternary Deformation in the west of Shahrood (East Alborz)Quaternary Deformation in the west of Shahrood (East Alborz)89945522410.22071/gsj.2011.55224FAF. AarabSchool of Geology, Damghan University of Basic Science, Damghan, IranP. OmidyFaculty of Earth Science, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IranA. TaheriFaculty of Earth Science, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IranJournal Article20090525<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this paper, the evidences of Quaternary deformation in the west of Shahrood, in an area starting from Deh-Molla valley and extending to Tazareh valley in the southern domain of eastern Alborz have been studied. The studied area is bounded on the North and South by two main faults that trends east- west and dips to north. In the field inspection, the evidences of Quaternary activity like cutting and displacing of Quaternary sediments in some localities such as Deh-Molla and Tazareh valleys have been observed. This study showed that the indications of Quaternary activity are present in the whole of the region; but the North fault with a dominantly left lateral strike slip mechanism that is the eastern continuation of Astaneh fault, has a main role in Quaternary deformation. The left lateral strike slip movement on South fault is finished to east where it connects to a normal transfer fault. This latter transfer fault trends north- south and dips to east.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this paper, the evidences of Quaternary deformation in the west of Shahrood, in an area starting from Deh-Molla valley and extending to Tazareh valley in the southern domain of eastern Alborz have been studied. The studied area is bounded on the North and South by two main faults that trends east- west and dips to north. In the field inspection, the evidences of Quaternary activity like cutting and displacing of Quaternary sediments in some localities such as Deh-Molla and Tazareh valleys have been observed. This study showed that the indications of Quaternary activity are present in the whole of the region; but the North fault with a dominantly left lateral strike slip mechanism that is the eastern continuation of Astaneh fault, has a main role in Quaternary deformation. The left lateral strike slip movement on South fault is finished to east where it connects to a normal transfer fault. This latter transfer fault trends north- south and dips to east.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Induced Seismicity in Masjed Soleyman Reservoir (Southwest of Iran)Induced Seismicity in Masjed Soleyman Reservoir (Southwest of Iran)951025522810.22071/gsj.2018.55228FAMohammad Tatarvice president for research/International Institute of earthquake Engineering and SeismologyM. R. EbrahimiInternational Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, Iran.F. Yamini FardInternational Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20090624<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Masjed Soleyman reservoir is located in Zagros Mountain of western Iran, which is one of the most seismically active zones of the Alpe-Himalaya belt. So, it seems to be necessary to carry out widespread studies, especially on the impact of this reservoir with 177 m height and 261 million m<sup>3 </sup>capacity on occurrence of induced seismicity in the surrounding region. During impounding of the reservoir regards to national and international catalogues such as International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) and EHB catalog, an incensement in seismic rate is observed in the Masjed Soleyman region, and 90 days after completing the impounding, an earthquake with magnitude Mw=5.6 is occurred in the close vicinity of the Masjed Soleyman reservoir. In order to better understanding of the impact of this reservoir on seismic activity, a local seismic network of 5 seismological stations was installed in the area on June 2006. Seismic events recorded during a period of 15 month were used in this study. The largest recorded earthquakes during the monitoring of Masjed Soleyman reservoir have magnitudes of ML=3.9 and ML=3.6. Statistical methods such as correlation of the water level changes with variation of the regional seismicity, the foreshocks and aftershocks pattern and decay rate of aftershocks reveal the existing of induced seismicity in the Masjed Soleyman region. In absence of a local network before 2002 September, 25 earthquake (Mw=5.6), our observations indicate this earthquake is truly the first and largest induced earthquake that have been occurred and recognized in Iran.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Masjed Soleyman reservoir is located in Zagros Mountain of western Iran, which is one of the most seismically active zones of the Alpe-Himalaya belt. So, it seems to be necessary to carry out widespread studies, especially on the impact of this reservoir with 177 m height and 261 million m<sup>3 </sup>capacity on occurrence of induced seismicity in the surrounding region. During impounding of the reservoir regards to national and international catalogues such as International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) and EHB catalog, an incensement in seismic rate is observed in the Masjed Soleyman region, and 90 days after completing the impounding, an earthquake with magnitude Mw=5.6 is occurred in the close vicinity of the Masjed Soleyman reservoir. In order to better understanding of the impact of this reservoir on seismic activity, a local seismic network of 5 seismological stations was installed in the area on June 2006. Seismic events recorded during a period of 15 month were used in this study. The largest recorded earthquakes during the monitoring of Masjed Soleyman reservoir have magnitudes of ML=3.9 and ML=3.6. Statistical methods such as correlation of the water level changes with variation of the regional seismicity, the foreshocks and aftershocks pattern and decay rate of aftershocks reveal the existing of induced seismicity in the Masjed Soleyman region. In absence of a local network before 2002 September, 25 earthquake (Mw=5.6), our observations indicate this earthquake is truly the first and largest induced earthquake that have been occurred and recognized in Iran.</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"> </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Surface Deformation Detection by Differential Interferometric SAR in Aghajari Oil FieldSurface Deformation Detection by Differential Interferometric SAR in Aghajari Oil Field1031125523810.22071/gsj.2011.55238FAN. Fouladi MoghaddamRemote Sensing and GIS Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.A. A. MatkanRemote Sensing and GIS Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.M. R. SahebiFaculty of Geodesy & Geomatics Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.M. RoustaeiInternational Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20090801Hydrocarbon fluid extraction from high compactable and low permeable reservoirs resulted in gradual surface deformation that causes significant costs due to overburden failures. However, surveying benchmarks make it possible to compare the repeated leveling measurements at the specific locations, then it is necessary to introduce an effective method that is more real time and cost-effective. Differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) is a new technology in which satellite images are used for field surface displacement monitoring. In this method, the high resolution images derived from Radar measurements are used for surface deformation rates assessment to improve the management and mitigation of traditional production costs. In this study, surface displacements caused by fluid withdrawal in Aghajari oil field are presented using Radar observations as the InSAR data reveal both subsidence and uplift signals for each production and observation wells distributed over the site. A number of production site inspections in a time series of interferograms reveal that the surface deformation signals developed due to extraction in several months as well as different subsidence or uplift rates and deformation styles occur locally depending on the geological conditions and excavation rates.
<strong> </strong>Hydrocarbon fluid extraction from high compactable and low permeable reservoirs resulted in gradual surface deformation that causes significant costs due to overburden failures. However, surveying benchmarks make it possible to compare the repeated leveling measurements at the specific locations, then it is necessary to introduce an effective method that is more real time and cost-effective. Differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) is a new technology in which satellite images are used for field surface displacement monitoring. In this method, the high resolution images derived from Radar measurements are used for surface deformation rates assessment to improve the management and mitigation of traditional production costs. In this study, surface displacements caused by fluid withdrawal in Aghajari oil field are presented using Radar observations as the InSAR data reveal both subsidence and uplift signals for each production and observation wells distributed over the site. A number of production site inspections in a time series of interferograms reveal that the surface deformation signals developed due to extraction in several months as well as different subsidence or uplift rates and deformation styles occur locally depending on the geological conditions and excavation rates.
<strong> </strong>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Studies on Processability of Iranian Bauxite Resources to Produce Alumina in Jajarm Alumina Beneficiation PlantStudies on Processability of Iranian Bauxite Resources to Produce Alumina in Jajarm Alumina Beneficiation Plant1131185523910.22071/gsj.2011.55239FAO. GeraylooSama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, IranS. H. HosseiniIslamic Azad University, Tehran South Branch, Department of Mining Engineering, Tehran, IranJ. SarghainiIslamic Azad University, Tehran South Branch, Department of Mining Engineering, Tehran, IranR. SalimiJajarm Alumina Complexes, Research and Development Section, Jajarm, IranJournal Article20081201<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Jajarm bauxite mine as a largest known bauxite ore reserves with more than twenty million tons of diasporic bauxite, located in the north of Khorasan province, Iran. This bauxite mine cannot provide the suitable feed for at least twenty tears. Therefore, the possibility of using other bauxite deposits such as Shah-Bolaghi bauxite mine in Tehran province and Sorkh-cheshmeh mine in the north of Khorasan province was investigated. These studies were carried out based on the dissolution and sedimentation velocity of red mud. The results show that using these deposits separately is not applicable, because of low dissolution and/or low sedimentation velocity of red mud. The other parameters such as dissolution temperature, the amount of lime and Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>c</sub> must be carefully controlled to have the better results. Accordingly, a mixture of 50-50 Jajarm and Shah-Bolaghi bauxite ore has had the better performance with higher dissolution efficiency and also the lesser alumina amount in red mud. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Jajarm bauxite mine as a largest known bauxite ore reserves with more than twenty million tons of diasporic bauxite, located in the north of Khorasan province, Iran. This bauxite mine cannot provide the suitable feed for at least twenty tears. Therefore, the possibility of using other bauxite deposits such as Shah-Bolaghi bauxite mine in Tehran province and Sorkh-cheshmeh mine in the north of Khorasan province was investigated. These studies were carried out based on the dissolution and sedimentation velocity of red mud. The results show that using these deposits separately is not applicable, because of low dissolution and/or low sedimentation velocity of red mud. The other parameters such as dissolution temperature, the amount of lime and Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>c</sub> must be carefully controlled to have the better results. Accordingly, a mixture of 50-50 Jajarm and Shah-Bolaghi bauxite ore has had the better performance with higher dissolution efficiency and also the lesser alumina amount in red mud. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Recognition of Geomorphology Landforms for Environmental ManagementCase Study; Takht-e-Solayman SheetRecognition of Geomorphology Landforms for Environmental ManagementCase Study; Takht-e-Solayman Sheet1191265524010.22071/gsj.2011.55240FAB. AzadbakhtShahr-e-Ray branch of Azad University, Tehran, IranM. ZareinejadGeological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090628<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Takht-e-Solayman zone is highly rich from the viewpoint of diverse morphological units. This morphological diversity is mostly caused by climatic factors and lithological characteristics, erosion, weathering processes and tectonic movements. Geomorphologic characteristics of Takht-e-Solayman zone are influenced by internal and external morphodynamic factors. As a geomorphologic-environmental achievement, this research has been dealt with the investigation of external factors. The available morphologic indications in the study area are divided into 3 general groups including morphodynamic, morphotectonic and morphogentic units and then presented in the form of a geomorphologic map. For this purpose, several new information layers of the zone are prepared in GIS environment using basic maps and field investigations and finally the landforms evaluated using ASTER and ETM+ satellite images.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Takht-e-Solayman zone is highly rich from the viewpoint of diverse morphological units. This morphological diversity is mostly caused by climatic factors and lithological characteristics, erosion, weathering processes and tectonic movements. Geomorphologic characteristics of Takht-e-Solayman zone are influenced by internal and external morphodynamic factors. As a geomorphologic-environmental achievement, this research has been dealt with the investigation of external factors. The available morphologic indications in the study area are divided into 3 general groups including morphodynamic, morphotectonic and morphogentic units and then presented in the form of a geomorphologic map. For this purpose, several new information layers of the zone are prepared in GIS environment using basic maps and field investigations and finally the landforms evaluated using ASTER and ETM+ satellite images.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Magmatic Contamination by Metapelitic Xenoliths (Schist) Fallen Down into the Tall-e-Pahlevani Batholith, Shahr-Babak, IranMagmatic Contamination by Metapelitic Xenoliths (Schist) Fallen Down into the Tall-e-Pahlevani Batholith, Shahr-Babak, Iran1271345524110.22071/gsj.2011.55241FAA. FazlniaDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20090629<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Talle-Pahlevani anorogenic magmatism with Leuco-quartz diorite and anorthosite compositions injected into the southwest of the Qori metamorphic complex, which extends in southwest of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, at c. 170 Ma. As a result of this process, the metapelite host rock from the complex was metamorphosed and broken down. Fragments (xenoliths) of the host rock, which are primarily regional metamorphic kyanite schists, fell into the magma. These xenoliths underwent a high grade contact metamorphism due to H<sub>2</sub>O-free magma with high-initial temperature. The partial melting of the metapelitic xenoliths (schists) occurred because they were saturation or super-saturation in H<sub>2</sub>O, and as such, some of these xenoliths became weak, because of partial melting, and scattered throughout initial magma of the batholith, and contaminated it due to convective flows in the batolith. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The Talle-Pahlevani anorogenic magmatism with Leuco-quartz diorite and anorthosite compositions injected into the southwest of the Qori metamorphic complex, which extends in southwest of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, at c. 170 Ma. As a result of this process, the metapelite host rock from the complex was metamorphosed and broken down. Fragments (xenoliths) of the host rock, which are primarily regional metamorphic kyanite schists, fell into the magma. These xenoliths underwent a high grade contact metamorphism due to H<sub>2</sub>O-free magma with high-initial temperature. The partial melting of the metapelitic xenoliths (schists) occurred because they were saturation or super-saturation in H<sub>2</sub>O, and as such, some of these xenoliths became weak, because of partial melting, and scattered throughout initial magma of the batholith, and contaminated it due to convective flows in the batolith. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823An Investigation on Dissolution and Deterioration of Building Stones in Sulfuric and Nitric Acids SolutionsAn Investigation on Dissolution and Deterioration of Building Stones in Sulfuric and Nitric Acids Solutions1351425524410.22071/gsj.2018.55244FAM. R. NikudelDepartment of Engineering Geology, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, IranA. JamshidiDepartment of Engineering Geology, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, IranN. Hafezi MoghaddasDepartment of Geology, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran1980-07-01 to 1983-06-01Journal Article20090907<strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Abstract</span></strong>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Acid rain is one of problems due to air pollution. In areas with polluted atmosphere, SO<sub>4</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub> are among most important contaminator, which constitutes sulfuric and nitric acids solutions, as a result of combining with hydrogen ions. Also, these solutions are among important agents in building stones dissolution and deterioration. Regarding the involved acid and its pH, these solutions have different effects on stones. In this research, we selected 14 building stones samples of different origins. Then, in order to investigate their dissolution and deterioration and, also comparing sulfuric and nitric acids dissolving effect, we performed Durability Test up to 15 cycles, and calculated Durability Index on mentioned solutions - with pH = 1.5, 3, and 5, and also fresh water with pH = 7.3. The results show that the samples with non-carbonate composition are resistant against those acids, while the carbonate ones are not. Furthermore, comparing results of Durability Index indicates that sulfuric acid has 0.06 to 0.93% greater dissolving effect than nitric acid. In addition to, a decrease in both acids pH, leads to a greater dissolution of carbonate samples. Finally, according to obtained results, we recommended the most suitable stones for exterior façade of buildings. </span><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Abstract</span></strong>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Acid rain is one of problems due to air pollution. In areas with polluted atmosphere, SO<sub>4</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub> are among most important contaminator, which constitutes sulfuric and nitric acids solutions, as a result of combining with hydrogen ions. Also, these solutions are among important agents in building stones dissolution and deterioration. Regarding the involved acid and its pH, these solutions have different effects on stones. In this research, we selected 14 building stones samples of different origins. Then, in order to investigate their dissolution and deterioration and, also comparing sulfuric and nitric acids dissolving effect, we performed Durability Test up to 15 cycles, and calculated Durability Index on mentioned solutions - with pH = 1.5, 3, and 5, and also fresh water with pH = 7.3. The results show that the samples with non-carbonate composition are resistant against those acids, while the carbonate ones are not. Furthermore, comparing results of Durability Index indicates that sulfuric acid has 0.06 to 0.93% greater dissolving effect than nitric acid. In addition to, a decrease in both acids pH, leads to a greater dissolution of carbonate samples. Finally, according to obtained results, we recommended the most suitable stones for exterior façade of buildings. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Mechanism of Formation and Change Tom Bolo, Lagoon and Barrier in Coastal Bir of Bandare Tang (Makran Sea)Mechanism of Formation and Change Tom Bolo, Lagoon and Barrier in Coastal Bir of Bandare Tang (Makran Sea)1431485524510.22071/gsj.2011.55245FAK. Nejad. AfzaliMarine Geology Management, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranF. BayataniMarine & Coastal Geomorphology and Morphodynamic Group, Faculty of Geography University of Tehran, Tehran, IranE. MoghimiMarine & Coastal Geomorphology and Morphodynamic Group, Faculty of Geography University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090407<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Coastal region are influenced by land and sea. Geomorphologic coast features are related to sea level change, regional river regime, erosion processes, sedimentation, climate change, geological outcrops and weathering and tectonics. Tom bolo, lagoon and barrier are geomorphologic coast features that can be seen in Bir coast of Iran. Therefore, recognizing the producing mechanism and their changes, leads supervisors to have better management, and do their best for civil and improving planning in coast area. In this research in addition to field studies and sampling, aerial photos 1/40000(1993), topographic maps 1/20000, high resolution images (ETM and IRS) 1998, 2005, 2008 were used. It is concluded that the area is tectonically active, sedimentation; erosion processes, river regime and sea level change are caused to the Tom bolo, Lagoon and Barrier in Bir coast. Surveying the forms, sediment shows an obvious computation between marine currents as constructive process of Tom bolo, lagoon and barrier, and rivers as destructive process in Bir coast.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Coastal region are influenced by land and sea. Geomorphologic coast features are related to sea level change, regional river regime, erosion processes, sedimentation, climate change, geological outcrops and weathering and tectonics. Tom bolo, lagoon and barrier are geomorphologic coast features that can be seen in Bir coast of Iran. Therefore, recognizing the producing mechanism and their changes, leads supervisors to have better management, and do their best for civil and improving planning in coast area. In this research in addition to field studies and sampling, aerial photos 1/40000(1993), topographic maps 1/20000, high resolution images (ETM and IRS) 1998, 2005, 2008 were used. It is concluded that the area is tectonically active, sedimentation; erosion processes, river regime and sea level change are caused to the Tom bolo, Lagoon and Barrier in Bir coast. Surveying the forms, sediment shows an obvious computation between marine currents as constructive process of Tom bolo, lagoon and barrier, and rivers as destructive process in Bir coast.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Position Error Propagation of Reference Stations in Relative Positioning Using GNSS Phase Double Difference ObservationsPosition Error Propagation of Reference Stations in Relative Positioning Using GNSS Phase Double Difference Observations1491545524610.22071/gsj.2011.55246FAYahya DjamourGeomatics College
National Cartographic Center of I.R. Iran
Meraj st., Azadi sq.,
Tehran, IRAN, P.Box: 13185-16840000-0001-7365-2489Journal Article20091127<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Today, the best coordinates of stations on the ground are obtained by using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as Global Positioning System (GPS). There are many error sources affecting the GNSS observations that limit the required accuracies. But differential positioning methods, like double difference, are big helps to us to achieve an accuracy of millimeter. Differential operation of GNSS is based on placing a reference station with a GNSS receiver at a known location. One of such errors is the coordinate error of reference station and its propagation on unknown stations. In fact the coordinates of a reference station should be known in a reference system coordinate, such as WGS84 used in GPS, which we usually assume is exactly known. In practice, the position of the reference station in the reference system coordinate may not be exactly known due to different reasons. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the reference station position errors on various ranges from ~4 km to ~90 km, in static mode and using double difference carrier phase, is investigated. The results show this effect could be of the order of a few ppm depending on error magnitude of reference position and the range of baseline. </span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Today, the best coordinates of stations on the ground are obtained by using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as Global Positioning System (GPS). There are many error sources affecting the GNSS observations that limit the required accuracies. But differential positioning methods, like double difference, are big helps to us to achieve an accuracy of millimeter. Differential operation of GNSS is based on placing a reference station with a GNSS receiver at a known location. One of such errors is the coordinate error of reference station and its propagation on unknown stations. In fact the coordinates of a reference station should be known in a reference system coordinate, such as WGS84 used in GPS, which we usually assume is exactly known. In practice, the position of the reference station in the reference system coordinate may not be exactly known due to different reasons. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the reference station position errors on various ranges from ~4 km to ~90 km, in static mode and using double difference carrier phase, is investigated. The results show this effect could be of the order of a few ppm depending on error magnitude of reference position and the range of baseline. </span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Studies of Normative Mineralogy and REEs Geochemistry of Permian Residual Horizon in Northeast of Malekan, East-Azarbaidjan ProvinceStudies of Normative Mineralogy and REEs Geochemistry of Permian Residual Horizon in Northeast of Malekan, East-Azarbaidjan Province1551625524710.22071/gsj.2011.55247FAA. AbediniGeology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.A. A. CalagariGeology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20100720<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A Permian residual horizon is located in ~30 km northeast of Malekan, which was developed as stratiform layer in Ruteh carbonate rocks. Mineralogically, this horizon includes minerals such as boehmite, diaspore, hematite, kaolinite, rutile, anatase, montmorillonite, muscovite, calcite, and chlorite. Calculations of normative values of minerals in a selective profile show that this horizon consists of five distinct lithological facies which are, from bottom to the top, (1) kaolinitic ferrite, (2) ferritic kaolin, (3) ferritic bauxite, (4) kaolin, and (5) bauxitic kaolin. Based on obtained data, it seems that the distribution of REEs in the studied profile was principally controlled by factors such as (1) Eh variations of the environment due to decomposition of organic matters, (2) the pH increase of weathering solutions by carbonate bedrocks, (3) scavenging and fixation processes, and (4) fluctuation of underground water table. Further geochemical evidence indicates that the concentration of LREEs were occurred by muscovite, Mn-oxides, and secondary phosphates (e.g., monazite, gorceixite, rhabdophane) and that of HREEs by rutile, anatase, and zircon in the studied profile.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A Permian residual horizon is located in ~30 km northeast of Malekan, which was developed as stratiform layer in Ruteh carbonate rocks. Mineralogically, this horizon includes minerals such as boehmite, diaspore, hematite, kaolinite, rutile, anatase, montmorillonite, muscovite, calcite, and chlorite. Calculations of normative values of minerals in a selective profile show that this horizon consists of five distinct lithological facies which are, from bottom to the top, (1) kaolinitic ferrite, (2) ferritic kaolin, (3) ferritic bauxite, (4) kaolin, and (5) bauxitic kaolin. Based on obtained data, it seems that the distribution of REEs in the studied profile was principally controlled by factors such as (1) Eh variations of the environment due to decomposition of organic matters, (2) the pH increase of weathering solutions by carbonate bedrocks, (3) scavenging and fixation processes, and (4) fluctuation of underground water table. Further geochemical evidence indicates that the concentration of LREEs were occurred by muscovite, Mn-oxides, and secondary phosphates (e.g., monazite, gorceixite, rhabdophane) and that of HREEs by rutile, anatase, and zircon in the studied profile.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Investigation of Near Surface Buried Structures Using GPR and Resistivity Methods: A Case StudyInvestigation of Near Surface Buried Structures Using GPR and Resistivity Methods: A Case Study1631705524810.22071/gsj.2011.55248FAM. Mohamadi VizhehGeophysics group, Exploration department, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, IranA. Kamkar RouhaniExploration group, School of mining, Petroleum and Geophysics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran0000-0003-0156-5970Journal Article20090128<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Ground water, cavities, and isolate buried structures embedded at shallow depths are well detectable by resistivity and GPR methods because of distinct contrast in their electric and electromagnetic properties in comparison with their surrounding media. In this research work, 3 different profiles on such targets have been chosen, and their responses have been investigated. Using both resistivity and GPR methods together, it has also been possible to investigate capabilities and limitations of the methods in practice. The results obtained from this research work indicate that the GPR method, in addition to its speed and simplicity in data acquisition, is very successful in detection of interfaces or boundaries between different media in which electromagnetic properties at the boundaries change rapidly. The resistivity surveys, which have been carried out using Wenner array in this study, indicate low resistivity of the media under investigation. The low resistivity of the subsurface media caused the depth of penetration of the GPR method to be low, and as a result, made it impossible to investigate the targets buried at depths greater than 2 meters. Unlike the GPR method, the resistivity method has not been very successful in detection of multiple targets with high resistivity contrasts. Lower resolution of the resistivity method in comparison with GPR method has caused this problem.</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this study, considerable information has been obtained by selecting two different processing algorithms and applying them on a series of raw GPR dataset. The obtained information from the resistivities of the subsurface structures as a result of the resistivity surveys has made it possible to choose and apply these processing algorithms. This research work well indicates that high conductive areas in resistivity sections coincide with the areas in the GPR sections having intensive attenuation. This characteristic can be used well in the interpretation of the GPR sections. Finally the resistivity method can be introduced as a suitable supplementary geophysical method to the GPR method.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Ground water, cavities, and isolate buried structures embedded at shallow depths are well detectable by resistivity and GPR methods because of distinct contrast in their electric and electromagnetic properties in comparison with their surrounding media. In this research work, 3 different profiles on such targets have been chosen, and their responses have been investigated. Using both resistivity and GPR methods together, it has also been possible to investigate capabilities and limitations of the methods in practice. The results obtained from this research work indicate that the GPR method, in addition to its speed and simplicity in data acquisition, is very successful in detection of interfaces or boundaries between different media in which electromagnetic properties at the boundaries change rapidly. The resistivity surveys, which have been carried out using Wenner array in this study, indicate low resistivity of the media under investigation. The low resistivity of the subsurface media caused the depth of penetration of the GPR method to be low, and as a result, made it impossible to investigate the targets buried at depths greater than 2 meters. Unlike the GPR method, the resistivity method has not been very successful in detection of multiple targets with high resistivity contrasts. Lower resolution of the resistivity method in comparison with GPR method has caused this problem.</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this study, considerable information has been obtained by selecting two different processing algorithms and applying them on a series of raw GPR dataset. The obtained information from the resistivities of the subsurface structures as a result of the resistivity surveys has made it possible to choose and apply these processing algorithms. This research work well indicates that high conductive areas in resistivity sections coincide with the areas in the GPR sections having intensive attenuation. This characteristic can be used well in the interpretation of the GPR sections. Finally the resistivity method can be introduced as a suitable supplementary geophysical method to the GPR method.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd Isotopic Compositions, U-Pb Age and Petrogenesis of Khajeh Mourad Paleo-Tethys Leucogranite, Mashhad, IranRb–Sr and Sm–Nd Isotopic Compositions, U-Pb Age and Petrogenesis of Khajeh Mourad Paleo-Tethys Leucogranite, Mashhad, Iran1711825524910.22071/gsj.2011.55249FAM. H. KarimpourResearch Center for Ore Deposit of Eastern Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Dept of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, CB-399, Boulder, CO, USAG. L. FarmerDept of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, CB-399, Boulder, CO, USAC. R. SternDept of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, CB-399, Boulder, CO, USAJournal Article20090512<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Biotite-muscovite leucogranite and associated pegmatite intruded meta-ophiolite and meta-flysch (the remnants of Paleo-Tethys) during collision of Turan plate with Iran plate. Four types of pegmatite dykes, crosscutting biotite muscovite leucogranite, are identified. The results of U-Pb zircon age of Khajeh Mourad biotite muscovite leucogranite is 205.9 ± 4.1 Ma (Late Triassic, Rhaetian). Chemically, biotite muscovite leucogranite and aplite granite are peraluminous S-type pluton. Magnetic susceptibility of biotite muscovite leucogranite and aplite granite are between than 0-5 × 10<sup>-5</sup> and the ratio of ferric to ferrous ratio (< 0.35),therefore they are classified as belonging to the ilmenite-series (reduced type). The total REE content of biotite muscovite leucogranite is between TREE = 130-176 and aplite is very low Total REE = 50.79. They have small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*= 0.52 to 0.76). The initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and (<sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd)i was recalculated to an age of 205 Ma. Initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratios for B-M leucogranite and aplite are 0.708161-0.709853. The (<sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd)i isotope composition for B-M leucogranite 0.512214, aplite dykes 0.512024. Initial ε Nd isotope values for B-M leucogranite -6.48 and aplite dykes is -6.83. <strong>The</strong>se values could beconsidered as representative <strong>of</strong> continental crust-derived magmas. The ratios of Rb/Sr = 1-1.3 and CaO/Na<sub>2</sub>O </span>»<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> 0.3 of biotite-muscovite leucogranite indicate that the source rock had a composition between meta-pelite and meta-psammite.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Biotite-muscovite leucogranite and associated pegmatite intruded meta-ophiolite and meta-flysch (the remnants of Paleo-Tethys) during collision of Turan plate with Iran plate. Four types of pegmatite dykes, crosscutting biotite muscovite leucogranite, are identified. The results of U-Pb zircon age of Khajeh Mourad biotite muscovite leucogranite is 205.9 ± 4.1 Ma (Late Triassic, Rhaetian). Chemically, biotite muscovite leucogranite and aplite granite are peraluminous S-type pluton. Magnetic susceptibility of biotite muscovite leucogranite and aplite granite are between than 0-5 × 10<sup>-5</sup> and the ratio of ferric to ferrous ratio (< 0.35),therefore they are classified as belonging to the ilmenite-series (reduced type). The total REE content of biotite muscovite leucogranite is between TREE = 130-176 and aplite is very low Total REE = 50.79. They have small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*= 0.52 to 0.76). The initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and (<sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd)i was recalculated to an age of 205 Ma. Initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratios for B-M leucogranite and aplite are 0.708161-0.709853. The (<sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd)i isotope composition for B-M leucogranite 0.512214, aplite dykes 0.512024. Initial ε Nd isotope values for B-M leucogranite -6.48 and aplite dykes is -6.83. <strong>The</strong>se values could beconsidered as representative <strong>of</strong> continental crust-derived magmas. The ratios of Rb/Sr = 1-1.3 and CaO/Na<sub>2</sub>O </span>»<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> 0.3 of biotite-muscovite leucogranite indicate that the source rock had a composition between meta-pelite and meta-psammite.</span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Behaviour of Sand under Cyclic LoadingsBehaviour of Sand under Cyclic Loadings1831885525010.22071/gsj.2011.55250FAF. Rezaei Associated Professor, Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of IranJournal Article20080127<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Behavior of sands under static and dynamic cyclic and monotonous loadings is the most common problem of Geotechnitiens.. This paper presents results of cyclic loading on loose and dense silica and carbonate sands using a modified direct shear box. The laboratory shear box was modified so that the lower part of the box was composed of a metal plate with sand grains glued at its surface. Various test parameters such as sand type, sand density, interface conditions, number and form of cyclic loading were studied to explore behavior of soil-soil and soil-structure under naturally occurring loading conditions. Results showed that the two sand types tested demonstrate contraction behavior at the beginning but dilation performance later on. Shear and normal forces decreased during the tests; the decline was larger for carbonate sand than for the silica one. The reduction of shear and normal force increased with decreasing density of sand. This reduction behavior of forces in tests with zero displacement under cyclic loading is similar to the liquefaction phenomena and these results might be applied to evaluate liquefaction problem. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Behavior of sands under static and dynamic cyclic and monotonous loadings is the most common problem of Geotechnitiens.. This paper presents results of cyclic loading on loose and dense silica and carbonate sands using a modified direct shear box. The laboratory shear box was modified so that the lower part of the box was composed of a metal plate with sand grains glued at its surface. Various test parameters such as sand type, sand density, interface conditions, number and form of cyclic loading were studied to explore behavior of soil-soil and soil-structure under naturally occurring loading conditions. Results showed that the two sand types tested demonstrate contraction behavior at the beginning but dilation performance later on. Shear and normal forces decreased during the tests; the decline was larger for carbonate sand than for the silica one. The reduction of shear and normal force increased with decreasing density of sand. This reduction behavior of forces in tests with zero displacement under cyclic loading is similar to the liquefaction phenomena and these results might be applied to evaluate liquefaction problem. </span>Geological Survey of IranScientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences1023-7429208020110823Shape and Size Effects of Gravel Particles on Shear Strength Characteristics of Sandy SoilsShape and Size Effects of Gravel Particles on Shear Strength Characteristics of Sandy Soils1891965525110.22071/gsj.2011.55251FAA. HamidiSchool of Engineering, Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran, Tehran, IranN. SalimiSchool of Engineering, Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran, Tehran, IranV. YazdanjouSchool of Engineering, Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20090803<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">There are always limitations for appropriate borrow materials in common engineering activities which results in wide usage of mixed soils with larger particles up to boulders. Using these types of materials need correct knowledge of their behavior. For example, shear strength characteristics of mixed soils are usually required for stability analysis of slopes, landslides and earth dams. However, there are limitations in experimental studies on soil mixtures due to the small size of testing specimens. In the present study, a regular set of large scale direct shear tests performed to investigate gravel particles shape and size effects on shear strength characteristics of fine sands. The tests conducted using direct shear apparatus with 300 mm × 300 mm shear box. Poor graded fine sand was used as the base material and mixed with zero, 20, 40 and 60 percent of angular and rounded gravel grains with maximum size of 12.5 and 25.4 mm as oversized particles. All tests performed on dry samples in drained condition. Samples prepared in three different relative densities of 35, 60 and 85 percent and tested using three surcharge pressures of 150, 300 and 450 kPa. According to the results, shape and size of oversized particles strongly affect direct shear strength characteristics of sand-gravel mixtures. Mixtures with angular and larger gravel grains show more shear strength and dilation compared to mixtures contain rounded and smaller oversized particles. Enhancement of gravel content, surcharge pressure or relative density increases the effects of oversized particle on shear behavior of mixture.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">There are always limitations for appropriate borrow materials in common engineering activities which results in wide usage of mixed soils with larger particles up to boulders. Using these types of materials need correct knowledge of their behavior. For example, shear strength characteristics of mixed soils are usually required for stability analysis of slopes, landslides and earth dams. However, there are limitations in experimental studies on soil mixtures due to the small size of testing specimens. In the present study, a regular set of large scale direct shear tests performed to investigate gravel particles shape and size effects on shear strength characteristics of fine sands. The tests conducted using direct shear apparatus with 300 mm × 300 mm shear box. Poor graded fine sand was used as the base material and mixed with zero, 20, 40 and 60 percent of angular and rounded gravel grains with maximum size of 12.5 and 25.4 mm as oversized particles. All tests performed on dry samples in drained condition. Samples prepared in three different relative densities of 35, 60 and 85 percent and tested using three surcharge pressures of 150, 300 and 450 kPa. According to the results, shape and size of oversized particles strongly affect direct shear strength characteristics of sand-gravel mixtures. Mixtures with angular and larger gravel grains show more shear strength and dilation compared to mixtures contain rounded and smaller oversized particles. Enhancement of gravel content, surcharge pressure or relative density increases the effects of oversized particle on shear behavior of mixture.</span></span>