Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The Goft and Mohammadabad manganese deposits are located in the southwestern part of Sabzevar, whitin the Late Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequences. This sequence is located inside a 100 km long folded structure with northeast-southwest trend. Mohammadabad manganese deposit located in the southeastern edge of the southern anticline in the unit 4 of regional stratigraphic column and Goft manganese deposit is occurred in the southeastern edge of the northern anticline in the first unit of the regional stratigraphic column. The host rocks of Goft and Mohammadabad deposits include red tuff and Marly tuff and limy tuff, respectively. According to geochemical studies, tectonic environment of manganese deposits in the southwest of Sabzevar is a rifting environment that has been formed in the Sabzevar back-arc basin. The rocks of the region have a wide range of basalt, rhyolite, dacite, olivine-basalt, andesite-basalt and trachy-andesite, which formed aligned with pyroclastic sediment and Late Cretaceous sedimentary units. Dacite rocks are the thickest felsic rock unit in the area. The values of major oxides, the pattern of rare earth elements (REE), and the changes in trace elements in spider diagrams indicate the bimodal and tholeiitic nature of the volcanic rocks of the region, which are deposited in extension environment with a mixed range from basalt to rhyolite.
Keywords
- Goft and Mohammadabad deposits
- Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence
- Late Cretaceous
- Bimodal nature
- Southwest of Sabzevar
Main Subjects
Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L., Whitechurch, H., Vrielynck, B., Spakman, W., Monie, P., Meyer, B., and Wortel, R., 2011. Zagros orogeny: a subduction-dominated process, Geol. Mag.: page 1 of 34.
Aghanabati, A., 2004. Geology of Iran: Geological Survey of. Iran 600. (in Persian).
Alaminia, Z., Karimpour, M.H., Homam, M., and Finger, F., 2013. The magmatic record in the Arghash region (northeast Iran) and tectonic implications. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 1603–1625.
Barrier, E., and Vrielynck, B., 2008. Paleotectonic maps of the Middle East: Atlas of 14 maps. Middle East Basin Evolution (MEBE) Programme, CGMW, Paris, 1–14.
Cox, K.G., Bell, B.G., and Pankhurst, R.J., 1979. The interpretation of igneous rocks. Unwin Hyman, London, and 450p.
Galley, A.G., 2003. Composite synvolcanic intrusions associated with Precambrian VMS-related hydrothermal systems. Miner. Depos. 38, 443–473.
Ghasemi, H., and Rezaei, M., 2015. Petrochemistry and tectonic setting of the Davarzan–Abbasabad Eocene Volcanic (DAEV) rocks, NE Iran. Mineralogy and Petrology, 109, 235–252.
Hashempour, Sh., 2021. Geology, ore faciess, geochemistry and genesis of the Goft and Mohammadabad manganese deposits in the Late Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence, SW Sabzevar. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Tarbiat Modares, Iran, p. 262 (in Persian with English abstract).
Hosseini, M., Hassanzadeh, J., Alirezaei, S., Sun, W., and Li, Y., 2017. Age revision of the Neotethyan arc migration into the southeast Urumieh–Dokhtar belt of Iran: Geochemistry and U–Pb zircon geochronology. Lithos, 284–285, 296–309.
Irvine, T.N., and Baragar, W.R.A., 1971. A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 8, p.523-548.
Jamshidi, K., Ghasemi, H., Troll, V.R., Sadeghian, M., and Dahren, B. 2015. Magma storage and plumbing of adakite-type post-ophiolite intrusions in the Sabzevar ophiolitic zone, northeast Iran. Solid Earth, 6, 49–72.
Kazemi, Z., Ghasemi, H., Tilhac, R., Griffin, W., Shafaii Moghadam, H., O’Reilly, S., and Mousivand, F., 2019. Late Cretaceous subduction-related magmatism on the southern edge of Sabzevar basin, NE Iran. Journal of the Geological Society.
Kuleshov, V.N., 2011. Manganese deposits: communication 2. Major epochs and phases of manganese accumulation in the earth’s history. Lithol. Min. Resour. 46 (6), 546–565.
Lindenberg, H.G., Gorler, K., and Ibbeken, H., 1983. Stratigraphy, structure and orogenetic evolution of the Sabzevar zone, the area of Oryan Khorasan, NE Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report, 51, 120–142.
Maghfouri, S., 2012. Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Genesis of Cu Mineralization within Late Cretaceous Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence in Southwest of Sabzevar, with emphasis on the Nodeh Deposit. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis. University of Tarbiat Modares, Iran. p. 312 (in Persian with English abstract).
Maghfouri, S., Mousivand, F., Rastad, E., and Lentz, D.R., 2021. Chemical composition of magnetite and chlorite from the stringer zone of the Nudeh volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, Iran: geological implications; Mineralogy and Petrology; 115:241–256.
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, A., and Mousivand, F., 2015. Stratigraphic position, origin and characteristics of manganese mineralization horizons in the Late Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence, south-southwest of Sabzevar. J. Econ. Geol. (Iran) 6, p. 2. (in Persian with English abstract).
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, A., Mousivand, F., Lin, Y., and Zaw, Kh., 2016. Geology, ore facies and sulfur isotopes geochemistry of the Nudeh Besshi-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, southwest Sabzevar basin. Iran. J. Asian Earth Sci. 125, 1–21.
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Lentz, D.R., Mousivand, F., and Choulet, F., 2018. Mineralogy, microchemistry and fluid inclusion studies of the Besshi-type Nudeh Cu-Zn VMS deposit. Iran. Chemie der Erde 78, 40–57.
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Mousivand, F., Choulet, F., and Lin, Y., 2017. Geological and geochemical constraints on the Cheshmeh-Frezi volcanogenic stratiform manganese deposit, southwest Sabzevar basin, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews 89, 96–113.
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Movahednia, M., Lentz, D.R., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Yed, L., and Mousivand, F., 2019. Metallogeny and temporal–spatial distribution of manganese mineralizations in Iran: Implications for future exploration. Ore Geology Reviews 115.
Masoudi, M., 2008. Geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of Benesbourd Mn deposit in the southwest Sabzevar. M.Sc. Thesis. Tehran Islamic Azad University, Iran, 100 pp. (in Persian with English abstract).
Mcphie, J., Doyle, M., and Allen, R., 1993. Volcanic textures: A guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks, National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry.
Meschede, M., 1986. A method of discriminating between different type of mid ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb- Zr- Y diagram. Chem. Geol., 56, 207- 218.
Miyashiro, A., 1974. Nature of alkalic volcanic series. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 66:91-110.
Moghadam, H.S., Corfu, F., Chiaradia, M., Stern, R.J., and Ghorbani, G., 2014. Sabzevar Ophiolite, NE Iran: Progress from embryonic oceanic lithosphere into magmatic arc constrained by new isotopic and geochemical data. Lithos, 210–211, 224–241.
Moghadam, H.S., Rossetti, F., Lucci, F., Chiaradia, M., Gerdes, A., Lopez Martinez, M., Ghorbani, Gh., Nasrabady, M., 2016. The calc-alkaline and adakitic volcanism of the Sabzevar structural zone (NE Iran): implications for the Eocene magmatic flare-up in Central Iran. Lithos, 248-251, 517–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.01.019
Mullen, E.D., 1983. MnO/ TiO2/P2O5: a minor element discriminant for basaltic rocks of oceanic environments and its implications for petrogenesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 62, 53- 62.
Nakagawa, M., Santosh, M., and Maruyama, S., 2009. Distribution and mineral assemblages of bedded manganese deposits in Shikoku, Southwest Japan: implications for accretion tectonics. Gondwana Res. 16, 609–621.
Nakamura, N., 1974. Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38, 757–775.
Nasrollahi, A., Moosivand, F., and Ghasemi, H.A, 2013. Geochemical studies of primary, rare and rare earth elements (REE) and the origin of Nudeh manganese deposit, southwest of Sabzevar. 17th conference of the Geological Society of Iran.
Nicholson, K., 1992. Contrasting mineralogical–geochemical signatures of manganese oxides’ guides to metallogenesis. Econ. Geol. 87, 1253–1264.
Omrani, H., Moazzen, M., Oberhansli, R., Altenberger, U., and Lange, M. 2013. The Sabzevar blueschists of the North–Central Iranian micro-continent as remnants of the Neotethys-related oceanic crust subduction. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 1491–1512.
Pearce, J.A., 1979. The role of subcontinental lithosphere in magma genesis at destructive plate margins. In Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths, C.J. Hawksworth & M.J. Norry (Eds.). 230-249.
Pearce, J.A., and Parkinson, I.J., 1996. Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis. In: Prichard, H.M., Albaster, T., Harris, N.B.W., Neary, C.R. (eds.), Magmatic Processes in Plate Tectonics, 76, Geological Society of London Special Publication, 373-403.
Peccerillo, A., and Taylor, S.R., 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonon area Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58:63-81.
Peter, J.M., and Scott, S.D., 1999. Windy Craggy, Northwestern British Columbia: the world largest Besshi- type deposit in Barrie, Society of Economic Geologists, V.8.
Piercey, S., 2011. The setting, style, and role of magmatism in the formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Miner Deposita, 46:449–471.
Polgári, M., Hein, J.R., Vigh, T., Szabó-Drubina, M., Fórizs, I., Bíró, L., Müller, A., and Tóth, A.L., 2012. Microbial processes and the origin of the Úrkút manganese deposit, Hungary. Ore Geol. Rev. 47, 87–109.
Reagan, M.K., and Gill, J.B., 1989. Co-existing calc-alkaline and high niobium basalts from Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica: implication for residual titanites in arc magma source, Journal of Geophysical Research 94: 4619-4633.
Rollinson, H. R., 1993. Using geochemical data: evolution, presentation, interpretation. London, UK. 652 P.
Rossetti, F., Nasrabady, M., Vignaroli, G., Theye, T., Gerdes, A., Razavi, M., and Moin Vaziri, H., 2010. Early Cretaceous migmatitic mafic granulites from the Sabzevar range (NE Iran): implications for the closure of the Mesozoic peri-Tethyan oceans in central Iran. Terra Nova, v 22, pp 26-34.
Roy, S., 1992. Environment and processes of manganese deposition. Econ. Geol. 87, 1218–1236.
Sasmaz, A., Turkyilmaz, B., Ozturk, N., Yavuz, F., and Kumral, M., 2014. Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazıg˘-Malatya region, eastern Turkey. Ore Geol. Rev. 56, 352–372.
Saunders, A.D., and Tarney, J., 1991. Back arc basins. In: Floyd, P.A. (Eds), Oceanic Bassalts, Blackie and son Ltd., 219- 263.
Shah, M.T., and Khan, A., 1999. Geochemistry and origin of Mn-deposits in the Waziristan ophiolite complex, north Waziristan, Pakistan. Miner. Deposita 34, 697–704.
Shojaat, B., Hassanipak, A.A., Mobasher, K., and Ghazi, A.M., 2003. Petrology, geochemistry and tectonics of the Sabzevar ophiolite, North Central Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 1053–1067.
Spies, O., Lensch, G., Mihm, A., 1983. Geochemistry of the post-ophiolitic Tertiary volcanics between Sabzevar and Quchan (NW Iran). Geodynamic project (Geotraverse) in Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report, 51, 264–289.
Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts; implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the oceanic basins: Geological Society of London Spec. Pub. 42, p. 313-345.
Taghizadeh, S., 2015. Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Zakeri Mn deposit, Southwest of Sabzevar. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Shahrud, Iran. p. 202 (in Persian with English abstract).
Winchester, J., and Floyd, P., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their diffrantition products using immobile elements. Chemical geology. V. 20, p. 325- 343.
Wood, D.A., 1980. The application of a Th- Hf- Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the Beitish Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and planetary Science Letters 50, 11- 30.
Aghanabati, A., 2004. Geology of Iran: Geological Survey of. Iran 600. (in Persian).
Alaminia, Z., Karimpour, M.H., Homam, M., and Finger, F., 2013. The magmatic record in the Arghash region (northeast Iran) and tectonic implications. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 1603–1625.
Barrier, E., and Vrielynck, B., 2008. Paleotectonic maps of the Middle East: Atlas of 14 maps. Middle East Basin Evolution (MEBE) Programme, CGMW, Paris, 1–14.
Cox, K.G., Bell, B.G., and Pankhurst, R.J., 1979. The interpretation of igneous rocks. Unwin Hyman, London, and 450p.
Galley, A.G., 2003. Composite synvolcanic intrusions associated with Precambrian VMS-related hydrothermal systems. Miner. Depos. 38, 443–473.
Ghasemi, H., and Rezaei, M., 2015. Petrochemistry and tectonic setting of the Davarzan–Abbasabad Eocene Volcanic (DAEV) rocks, NE Iran. Mineralogy and Petrology, 109, 235–252.
Hashempour, Sh., 2021. Geology, ore faciess, geochemistry and genesis of the Goft and Mohammadabad manganese deposits in the Late Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence, SW Sabzevar. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Tarbiat Modares, Iran, p. 262 (in Persian with English abstract).
Hosseini, M., Hassanzadeh, J., Alirezaei, S., Sun, W., and Li, Y., 2017. Age revision of the Neotethyan arc migration into the southeast Urumieh–Dokhtar belt of Iran: Geochemistry and U–Pb zircon geochronology. Lithos, 284–285, 296–309.
Irvine, T.N., and Baragar, W.R.A., 1971. A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 8, p.523-548.
Jamshidi, K., Ghasemi, H., Troll, V.R., Sadeghian, M., and Dahren, B. 2015. Magma storage and plumbing of adakite-type post-ophiolite intrusions in the Sabzevar ophiolitic zone, northeast Iran. Solid Earth, 6, 49–72.
Kazemi, Z., Ghasemi, H., Tilhac, R., Griffin, W., Shafaii Moghadam, H., O’Reilly, S., and Mousivand, F., 2019. Late Cretaceous subduction-related magmatism on the southern edge of Sabzevar basin, NE Iran. Journal of the Geological Society.
Kuleshov, V.N., 2011. Manganese deposits: communication 2. Major epochs and phases of manganese accumulation in the earth’s history. Lithol. Min. Resour. 46 (6), 546–565.
Lindenberg, H.G., Gorler, K., and Ibbeken, H., 1983. Stratigraphy, structure and orogenetic evolution of the Sabzevar zone, the area of Oryan Khorasan, NE Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report, 51, 120–142.
Maghfouri, S., 2012. Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Genesis of Cu Mineralization within Late Cretaceous Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence in Southwest of Sabzevar, with emphasis on the Nodeh Deposit. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis. University of Tarbiat Modares, Iran. p. 312 (in Persian with English abstract).
Maghfouri, S., Mousivand, F., Rastad, E., and Lentz, D.R., 2021. Chemical composition of magnetite and chlorite from the stringer zone of the Nudeh volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, Iran: geological implications; Mineralogy and Petrology; 115:241–256.
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, A., and Mousivand, F., 2015. Stratigraphic position, origin and characteristics of manganese mineralization horizons in the Late Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence, south-southwest of Sabzevar. J. Econ. Geol. (Iran) 6, p. 2. (in Persian with English abstract).
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, A., Mousivand, F., Lin, Y., and Zaw, Kh., 2016. Geology, ore facies and sulfur isotopes geochemistry of the Nudeh Besshi-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, southwest Sabzevar basin. Iran. J. Asian Earth Sci. 125, 1–21.
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Lentz, D.R., Mousivand, F., and Choulet, F., 2018. Mineralogy, microchemistry and fluid inclusion studies of the Besshi-type Nudeh Cu-Zn VMS deposit. Iran. Chemie der Erde 78, 40–57.
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Mousivand, F., Choulet, F., and Lin, Y., 2017. Geological and geochemical constraints on the Cheshmeh-Frezi volcanogenic stratiform manganese deposit, southwest Sabzevar basin, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews 89, 96–113.
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Movahednia, M., Lentz, D.R., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Yed, L., and Mousivand, F., 2019. Metallogeny and temporal–spatial distribution of manganese mineralizations in Iran: Implications for future exploration. Ore Geology Reviews 115.
Masoudi, M., 2008. Geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of Benesbourd Mn deposit in the southwest Sabzevar. M.Sc. Thesis. Tehran Islamic Azad University, Iran, 100 pp. (in Persian with English abstract).
Mcphie, J., Doyle, M., and Allen, R., 1993. Volcanic textures: A guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks, National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry.
Meschede, M., 1986. A method of discriminating between different type of mid ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb- Zr- Y diagram. Chem. Geol., 56, 207- 218.
Miyashiro, A., 1974. Nature of alkalic volcanic series. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 66:91-110.
Moghadam, H.S., Corfu, F., Chiaradia, M., Stern, R.J., and Ghorbani, G., 2014. Sabzevar Ophiolite, NE Iran: Progress from embryonic oceanic lithosphere into magmatic arc constrained by new isotopic and geochemical data. Lithos, 210–211, 224–241.
Moghadam, H.S., Rossetti, F., Lucci, F., Chiaradia, M., Gerdes, A., Lopez Martinez, M., Ghorbani, Gh., Nasrabady, M., 2016. The calc-alkaline and adakitic volcanism of the Sabzevar structural zone (NE Iran): implications for the Eocene magmatic flare-up in Central Iran. Lithos, 248-251, 517–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.01.019
Mullen, E.D., 1983. MnO/ TiO2/P2O5: a minor element discriminant for basaltic rocks of oceanic environments and its implications for petrogenesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 62, 53- 62.
Nakagawa, M., Santosh, M., and Maruyama, S., 2009. Distribution and mineral assemblages of bedded manganese deposits in Shikoku, Southwest Japan: implications for accretion tectonics. Gondwana Res. 16, 609–621.
Nakamura, N., 1974. Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38, 757–775.
Nasrollahi, A., Moosivand, F., and Ghasemi, H.A, 2013. Geochemical studies of primary, rare and rare earth elements (REE) and the origin of Nudeh manganese deposit, southwest of Sabzevar. 17th conference of the Geological Society of Iran.
Nicholson, K., 1992. Contrasting mineralogical–geochemical signatures of manganese oxides’ guides to metallogenesis. Econ. Geol. 87, 1253–1264.
Omrani, H., Moazzen, M., Oberhansli, R., Altenberger, U., and Lange, M. 2013. The Sabzevar blueschists of the North–Central Iranian micro-continent as remnants of the Neotethys-related oceanic crust subduction. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 1491–1512.
Pearce, J.A., 1979. The role of subcontinental lithosphere in magma genesis at destructive plate margins. In Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths, C.J. Hawksworth & M.J. Norry (Eds.). 230-249.
Pearce, J.A., and Parkinson, I.J., 1996. Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis. In: Prichard, H.M., Albaster, T., Harris, N.B.W., Neary, C.R. (eds.), Magmatic Processes in Plate Tectonics, 76, Geological Society of London Special Publication, 373-403.
Peccerillo, A., and Taylor, S.R., 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonon area Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58:63-81.
Peter, J.M., and Scott, S.D., 1999. Windy Craggy, Northwestern British Columbia: the world largest Besshi- type deposit in Barrie, Society of Economic Geologists, V.8.
Piercey, S., 2011. The setting, style, and role of magmatism in the formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Miner Deposita, 46:449–471.
Polgári, M., Hein, J.R., Vigh, T., Szabó-Drubina, M., Fórizs, I., Bíró, L., Müller, A., and Tóth, A.L., 2012. Microbial processes and the origin of the Úrkút manganese deposit, Hungary. Ore Geol. Rev. 47, 87–109.
Reagan, M.K., and Gill, J.B., 1989. Co-existing calc-alkaline and high niobium basalts from Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica: implication for residual titanites in arc magma source, Journal of Geophysical Research 94: 4619-4633.
Rollinson, H. R., 1993. Using geochemical data: evolution, presentation, interpretation. London, UK. 652 P.
Rossetti, F., Nasrabady, M., Vignaroli, G., Theye, T., Gerdes, A., Razavi, M., and Moin Vaziri, H., 2010. Early Cretaceous migmatitic mafic granulites from the Sabzevar range (NE Iran): implications for the closure of the Mesozoic peri-Tethyan oceans in central Iran. Terra Nova, v 22, pp 26-34.
Roy, S., 1992. Environment and processes of manganese deposition. Econ. Geol. 87, 1218–1236.
Sasmaz, A., Turkyilmaz, B., Ozturk, N., Yavuz, F., and Kumral, M., 2014. Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazıg˘-Malatya region, eastern Turkey. Ore Geol. Rev. 56, 352–372.
Saunders, A.D., and Tarney, J., 1991. Back arc basins. In: Floyd, P.A. (Eds), Oceanic Bassalts, Blackie and son Ltd., 219- 263.
Shah, M.T., and Khan, A., 1999. Geochemistry and origin of Mn-deposits in the Waziristan ophiolite complex, north Waziristan, Pakistan. Miner. Deposita 34, 697–704.
Shojaat, B., Hassanipak, A.A., Mobasher, K., and Ghazi, A.M., 2003. Petrology, geochemistry and tectonics of the Sabzevar ophiolite, North Central Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 1053–1067.
Spies, O., Lensch, G., Mihm, A., 1983. Geochemistry of the post-ophiolitic Tertiary volcanics between Sabzevar and Quchan (NW Iran). Geodynamic project (Geotraverse) in Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report, 51, 264–289.
Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts; implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the oceanic basins: Geological Society of London Spec. Pub. 42, p. 313-345.
Taghizadeh, S., 2015. Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Zakeri Mn deposit, Southwest of Sabzevar. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Shahrud, Iran. p. 202 (in Persian with English abstract).
Winchester, J., and Floyd, P., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their diffrantition products using immobile elements. Chemical geology. V. 20, p. 325- 343.
Wood, D.A., 1980. The application of a Th- Hf- Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the Beitish Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and planetary Science Letters 50, 11- 30.
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