نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران
2 دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران
3 دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی علوم پایه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
4 پژوهشکده علوم زمین، سازمان زمین شناسی کشور، تهران، ایران
چکیده
دریاچه ارومیه که یک فرورفتگی زمین‌ساختی در شمال باختر ایران است، سالانه دریافت کننده مقادیر زیادی رسوبات فرسایش یافته از ساختارهای زمین‌شناسی اطراف این دریاچه است. در نتیجه خشکسالی‌های متوالی سال‌های اخیر، این رسوبات مستعد ایجاد بادرفت در معرض فرسایش بادی قرار گرفته و بنابراین یک منشأ مهم برای انتشار رسوبات در طی توفان‌های گرد و غبار است. در این پژوهش، رسوبات حاشیه جنوبی و باختری دریاچه پلایایی ارومیه از جنبه تعیین سنگ منشأ مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته‌اند. رسم نمودارهای دوتایی مانند نسبت Th/Co به La/Sc و TiO2 به Al2O3 و مقایسه نسبت عناصر کمیاب مانند La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co و Cr/Th بیانگر منشأ سنگ‌های آذرین عمدتا فلسیک و بعضا بازیک برای این رسوبات است. رسم نمودارهای عنکبوتی برای عناصر اصلی و کمیاب موجود در رسوبات مورد مطالعه، فقیرشدگی آنها نسبت به V Sc, Cr, و Ni و غنی‌شدگی Sr و Th را نشان می‌دهد که وجود سنگ منشأ اسیدی و بعضا مافیک تا اولترامافیک را تأیید می‌کند. ژئوشیمی عناصر اصلی از طریق قرار دادن مقادیر SiO2 در برابر مجموع Al2O3 K2O, و Na2O و همچنین مقدار اندیس شیمیایی هوازدگی، شرایط آب و هوایی خشک را در زمان رسوب‌گذاری رسوبات دریاچه ارومیه نشان می‌دهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
پورکرمانی، م. و صدیق، ح.، 1382، پدیده های ژئومورفولوژیکی گسل تبریز. مجله جغرافیا و توسعه. شماره 2، ص 37-44.
خان ناظر، ن.ح. و سعیدی، ع.، 1393، نقشه زمین شناسی دریاچه ارومیه، مقیاس 1:100000. سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
درویشی خاتونی، ج. و محمدی، ع.، 1390، گزارش لیمنولوژی و پالئولیمنولوژی دریاچه ارومیه، فاز:III پالئوکلیماتولوژی، پالئواکولوژی و پالئوژئوگرافی، سازمان زمین شناسی کشور، 120 ص.
شهرابی، م.، 1373، شرح زمین شناسی چهارگوش ارومیه، مقیاس 1:250000 ، سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
صالحی‌پور میلانی، پ.، لک، ر. و یمانی، م.، 1399، تاریخچه نوسانات سطح آب دریاچه ارومیه در پلیوستوسن پایانی. مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، دوره 10، شماره 38، ص 23-38. 10.30488/GPS.2021.120857.2738
علیپور، ص.، موسوی، خ.، حسینی، ا.، اصلان پور، ش. و حاصلی، ز.، 1397، مطالعه ژئوشیمی عناصر اصلی، جزیی و خاکی کمیاب در رسوبات بستر دریاچه ارومیه. خرداد 1397، دوره 27، شماره 107 ، ص 51-62. 10.22071/GSJ.2018.63758.
عرفان، ش.، رضایی، خ.، لک، ر. و آل علی، م.، 1399، تغییرات اقلیم گذشته بر اساس کانی‌شناسی رس‌ها در بخش جنوبی دریاچه ارومیه. دوره 29، شماره 115. ص 123-136. 10.22071/GSJ.2020.108300.
میرزاپور، ب.، لک، ر.، آل علی، م.، جمالی، م. و شهبازی، ر.، 1399، رسوب‌شناسی و محیط‌های رسوبی تالاب‌های جنوب و جنوب غرب دریاچه ارومیه. علوم زمین، دوره 29، شماره 116. ص 253-264. .10.22071/GSJ.2020.114221
Absar, N., 2021. Mineralogy and geochemistry of siliciclastic Miocene Cuddalore Formation, Cauvery Basin, South India: Implications for provenance and paleoclimate. Journal of Palaeogeography, 10(4), 602-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jop.2021.11.006.
Alagarsamy, R., and Zhang, J., 2010. Geochemical characterization of major and trace elements in the coastal sediments of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 161(1), 161-176. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0735-2.
Alipour, S., Mosavi-ovenlegi, Kh., Hosseini, E., Aslanpour, Sh., and Haseli, Z., 2018. Geochemistry of major, trace and rare earth elements in bed-sediments of Urmia lake. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 27, 107, 51-62. 10.22071/GSJ.2018.63758.(In Persian).
Al-Juboury, A.I., and AL-Hadidy, A.H., 2009. Petrology and depositional evolution of the Paleozoic rocks of Iraq: Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(2), 208-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.11.001.
Arienzo, M., Ferrara, L., Toscanesi, M., Giarra, A., Donadio, C., and Trifuoggi, M., 2020. Sediment contamination by heavy metals and ecological risk assessment: The case of Gulf of Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 155, 111149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111149.
Armstrong-Altrin, J. S., Madhavaraju, J., Vega-Bautista, F., Ramos-Vázquez, M. A., Pérez-Alvarado, B. Y., Kasper-Zubillaga, J. J., and Bessa, A.Z.E., 2021. Mineralogy and geochemistry of Tecolutla and Coatzacoalcos beach sediments, SW Gulf of Mexico. Applied Geochemistry, 134, 105103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.105103.
Banerjee, B., Ahmad, S. M., Babu, E. V. S. S. K., Padmakumari, V. M., Beja, S. K., Satyanarayanan, M., and Krishna, A.K., 2019. Geochemistry and isotopic study of southern Bay of Bengal sediments: Implications for provenance and paleoenvironment during the middle Miocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 514, 156-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.10.022.
Bauluz, B., Mayayo, M.J., Fernandez-Nieto, C., and Gonzalez-Lopez, J.M., 2000. Geochemistry of Precambrian and Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks from the Iberian Range (NE Spain): implications for source-area weathering, sorting, provenance, and tectonic setting. Chemical Geology, 168, 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00192-3.
Caracciolo, L., Le Pera, E., Muto, F., and Perri, F., 2011. Sandstone petrology and mudstone geochemistry of the Peruc–Korycany formation (bohemian cretaceous basin, Czech Republic). International Geology Review, 53(9), 1003-1031. DOI:10.1080/00206810903429011.
Cullers, R. L., 2000. The Geochemistry of Shales, Siltstones and Sandstones of Pennsylvanian–Permian Age, Colo-rado, USA: Implications for Provenance and Metamorphic Studies, Lithos 51, 181–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00063-8.
Cullers, R.L., 2002. Implications of elemental concentrations for provenance, redox conditions, and metamorphic studies of shales and limestones near Pueblo, CO, USA. Chemical Geology, 191(4), 305-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00133-X.
Cullers, R.L., Basu, A., and Suttner, L.J., 1988. Geochemical signature of provenance in sand-size material in soils and stream sediments near the Tobacco Root batholith, Montana, USA. Chemical Geology, 70(4), 335-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90123-4.
Darvishi Khatouni, J., Mohamadi, A., and Shahrabi, M., 2011. Limnology and Paleolimnology of the Urmia Lake, part III: Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology and Paleogeography, Geological Survey of Iran, 120p. .(In Persian).
Das, B.K., AL-Mikhlafi, A.S., and Kaur, P., 2006. Geochemistry of Mansar Lake sediments, Jammu, India: implication for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26, 649–668. 10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.01.005.
Ding, J., Wu, Y., Tan, L., Fu, T., Du, S., Wen, Y., and Li, D., 2021. Trace and rare earth element evidence for the provenances of aeolian sands in the Mu Us Desert, NW China. Aeolian Research, 50, 100683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2021.100683.
Erfan, Sh., Rezaei, K., Lak, R., and Aleali, S.M., 2020. Evaluation of past climate change in lake Urmia, according to clay minerals. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 29, 115, 123-136. 10.22071/GSJ.2020.108300. .(In Persian).
Etemad-Saeed, N., Hosseini-Barzi. M., and Armstrong-Altrin, J.S., 2011. Petrography and geochemistry of clastic sedimentary rocks as evidences for provenance of the Lower Cambrian Lalun Formation, Posht-e-badam block, Central Iran. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 61, 142–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.06.003.
Folk, R.L., 1974. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill pres, Texas, 182 p.
Fralick, P. W., Hollings, P., Metsaranta, R., and Heaman, L. M. 2009. Using sediment geochemistry and detrital zircon geochronology to categorize eroded igneous units: An example from the Mesoarchean Birch-Uchi Greenstone Belt, Superior Province. Precambrian Research, 168(1-2), 106-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2008.05.009.
Hashemi Azizi, S.H., Rezaee, P., Moussavi Harami, S.R., Jafarzadeh, M., and Masoodi, M., 2018. provenance of siliciclastic Baqoroq Formation, Central Iran, based on petrography and geochemistry: Implication for the evolution of active margin of south Eurasia. Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches, 33(2), 18-40. 10.22108/JSSR.2017.21621.
Hayashi, K.I., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H.D., and Ohmoto, H., 1997. Geochemistry of 1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 61(19), 4115-4137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00214-7.
He, J., Garzanti, E., Dinis, P., Yang, S., and Wang, H., 2020. Provenance versus weathering control on sediment composition in tropical monsoonal climate (South China)-1. Geochemistry and clay mineralogy. Chemical Geology, 558, 119860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119860.
Hossain, I., Roy, K. K., Biswas, P. K., Alam, M., Moniruzzaman, M., and Deeba, F., 2014. Geochemical characteristics of Holocene sediments from Chuadanga district, Bangladesh: implications for weathering, climate, redox conditions, provenance and tectonic setting. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 33(4), 336-350. DOI:10.1007/s11631-014-0696-9.
Humphreys, B., Morton, A.C., Hallsworth, C.R., Gatliff, W.R., and Riding, J., 1995. An integrated approach to provenance studies: A case example from the Upper Jurassic of the Central Graben, North Sea, In: developments in sedimentary provenance studies (eds. Morton A.C., Todd S.P., Haughton, P.D.W.), published by the Geological Society of London, 230-251. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.057.01.19.
Jafarzadeh, M., Harami, R.M., Amini, A., Mahboubi, A., and Farzaneh, F., 2014. Geochemical constraints on the provenance of Oligocene–Miocene siliciclastic deposits (Zivah Formation) of NW Iran: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Caucasus. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(10), 4245-4263. DOI:10.1007/s12517-013-1018-y.
Khanehbad, M., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahboubi, A., Nadjafi, M., and Mahmudi Gharaie, M.H.M., 2012. Geochemistry of Carboniferous Sandstone (Sardar Formation), East-Central Iran: Implication for Provenance and Tectonic setting, Acta Geologica Sinica, 86, 1200-1210. DOI:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2012.00741.x.
Khannazer, N.H., Saidie, A., 2014. Geological map of Urmia Lake, 1:100000, Geological Survey of Iran (In Persian).
Mahu, E., Asiedu, D. K., Nyarko, E., Hulme, S., Coale, K. H., and Anani, C. Y., 2018. Provenance, paleo-weathering and-redox signatures of estuarine sediments from Ghana, Gulf of Guinea. Quaternary International, 493, 176-186. http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/30920.
McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D.K., and Hanson, G.N., 1993. Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance, and tectonics. Special Papers-Geological Society of America, 21-21. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE284-p21.
Mirzapour, B., Lak, R., Aleali, M., Djamali, M., and Shahbazi, R., 2020. Mineralogical reconstruction of Late Pleistocene – Holocene climate and environmental changes in southern wetlands of Lake Urmia, Geopersia, 11 (1), 205-218. 10.22059/GEOPE.2020.306217.648565.
Mirzapour, B., Lak, R., Aleali, M., Djamali, M., and Shahbazi, R., 2021. Identifying the effects of climate changes on sedimentary environments and determining the sedimentation rate of south wetlands of Lake Urmia during Late Pleistocene – Holocene. Pollution, 7 (1), 113-127. 10.22059/POLL.2020.309171.891.
Mirzapour, B., Lak, R., Aleali, M., Djamali, M., and Shahbazi, R., 2020. Sedimentology and sedimentary environments of South and southwestern wetlands of Lake Urmia. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 29. 116, 253-264. 10.22071/GSJ.2020.114221. (In Persian).
Moayyed, M., Moazzen, M., Calagari, A. A., Jahangiri, A., and Modjarrad, M., 2008. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of lamprophyric dykes and the associated rocks from Eslamy peninsula, NW Iran: Implications for deep-mantle metasomatism. Chemie der erde, 68, 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2006.04.002.
Moore, F., Forghani, G., and Qishlaqi, A., 2009. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in water and surface sediments of the Maharlu Saline Lake, sw Iran. Iranian Journal of Science & Technology, Transaction, 33, 43-55.
Nesbitt, H., and Young, G.M., 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. nature, 299(5885), 715-717. DOI:10.1038/299715a0.
Nosrati, K., Moradian, H., Dolatkordestani, M., Mol, L., and Collins, A.L., 2022. The efficiency of elemental geochemistry and weathering indices as tracers in aeolian sediment provenance fingerprinting. Catena, 210, 105932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105932.
Nowrouzi, Z., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahboubi, A., Mahmudy Gharaie, M.H., and Ghaemi, F., 2014. Petrography and geochemistry of Silurian Niur sandstones, Derenjal Mountains, East Central Iran: implications for tectonic setting, provenance and weathering. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(7), 2793-2813. DOI:10.1007/s12517-013-0912-7.
Pourkermani, M., and Seddigh, H., 2003. Geomorphological features of Tabriz Fault. Geography and Development, 2, 37-44. .(In Persian).
Ramos-Vázquez, M.A., and Armstrong-Altrin, J.S., 2019. Sediment chemistry and detrital zircon record in the Bosque and Paseo del Mar coastal areas from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 110, 650-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.07.032.
Rashki, A., Kaskaoutis, D.G., Francois, P., Kosmopoulos, P.G., and Legrand, M., 2015. Dust storm dynamics over sistan region, Iran: Seasonality, transport characteristics and affected areas. Aeolian Research, 16, 3548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.10.003.
Reheis, M.C., Budahn, J.R., Lamothe, P.J., and Reynolds, R.L., 2009. Compositions of modern dust and surface sediments in the Desert Southwest, United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001009
Roser, B.P., and Korsch, R.J., 1986. Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone–mudstone suites using SiO2 and K2O/Na2O ratio: Journal of Geology, 94, 635–650. https://doi.org/10.1086/629071.
Salehipour MIlani, A., Lak, R., and Yamani, M., 2021. The Urmia Lake Level Fluctuations History in Late Pleistocene Gographical Planning of Space Quaterly Journal, 10, 38, 23-38. 10.30488/GPS.2021.120857.2738. .(In Persian).
Shahrabi, M., 1994, Geological description of Urmia sheet, 1:250000, Geological Survey of Iran. .(In Persian).
Suttner, L.J., and Dutta, P.K., 1986. Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate; I, Framework mineralogy. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 56(3), 329-345. https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8909-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
Taheri, A., Jafarzadeh, M., Armstrong-Altrin, J., and Mirbagheri, S.R., 2018. Geochemistry of siliciclastic rocks from the Shemshak Group (Upper Triassic–Middle Jurassic), northeastern Alborz, northern Iran: implications for palaeoweathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Geological Quarterly, 62(3), 522-535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1433.
Taylor S.R., and McLennan S.M., 1985. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Carlton, 312 p.
Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S.M., 1995. The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Review Journal of Geophysics, 33, 165-241. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00262.
Tripathy, G.R., Singh, S.K., and Ramaswamy, V., 2014. Major and trace element geochemistry of Bay of Bengal sediments: Implications to provenances and their controlling factors. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 397, 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.04.012.
Wronkiewicz, D.J., and Condie, K.C., 1987. Geochemistry of Archean Shales from the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa: 421. Source Area Weathering and Provenance. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 2401-2416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90293-6.
Xiao, S., Liu, W., Li, A., Yang, S., and Lai, Z., 2010. Pervasive autocorrelation of the chemical index of alteration in sedimentary profiles and its palaeoenvironmental implications. Sedimentology, 57(2), 670-676. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01113.x.
Yang, S.Y., Lim, D.I., Jung, H.S., and Oh, B.C., 2004. Geochemical composition and provenance discrimination of coastal sediments around Cheju Island in the southeastern Yellow Sea. Marine Geology, 206(1-4), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.01.005.
Zand-moghadam, H., Moussavi Harami, R., Mahboubi, A., and Rahimi, B., 2013. Petrography and geochemistry of the Early- Midlle Devonian sandstone of the Padeha Formation in the north of Kerman, SE Iran. Implication for provenance. Boletín del Instituto de Fisiografía y Geología, 83, 1-14.
)