Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
The Julfa region in East Azerbaijan Province exhibits one of the best continuous marine sedimentary successions across the Permian to Triassic boundary. The present study is focused on the brachiopod contents of the Julfa beds in Qareh-Goz section (41.5 m thickness) in the south of Julfa. This study is led to the determination of 11 genera and 21 species of the orders Athyridida, Orthotetida, Orthida, Productida, Spiriferida, and Terebratulida, all representing the Cathaysian bioprovince for this area in the Western Paleotethys. Accordingly, four Wuchiapingian biozones, including Araxilevis intermedius Zone, Araxilevis intermedius-Permophricodothyris ovata Interval zone, Permophricodothyris ovata Zone, and Transcaucasathyris araxensis Zone, have been detected. These biozones correlate well through the other stratigraphic sections of the Julfa area in the Ali Bashi and Zal Mountains, Dorasham section in the Transcaucasia, Hembast Formation in the Abadeh area, and Nesen Formation in the central Alborz, approving the potential of these brachiopods in biocorrelation at a regional scale in the Late Permian.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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Alvaro, J.J., Ghobadi Pour, M., Sanchez-Garcia, T., Kebria-ee Zadeh, M.R., Hairapetian, V., and Popov, L.E., 2022. Stratigraphic and volcanic signatures of Miaolingian-Late Ordovician rift pulses in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 233 (105240): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105240.
Angiolini, L., 2007. Quantitative palaeoecology in the Pachycyrtella Bed, Early Permian of Interior Oman, Palaeoworld, 16, 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2007.05.019.
Angiolini, L., and Carabelli, L., 2010. Upper Permian brachiopods from the Nesen Formation, North Iran, Palaeontology, 84, 41–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00989.x.
Angiolini, L., Checconi, L., Gaetani, M., and Rettori, R., 2010. The latest Permian mass extinction in the Alborz Mountains (North Iran), Geological Journal, 45, 216-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1203.
Archbold, N.W., 1983. Permian marine invertebrate provinces of the Gondwanan Realm, Alcheringa 7, 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518308619634.
Arefifard, S., and Baud, A., 2022. Depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy architecture of continuous Upper Permian and Lowermost Triassic deep marine deposits in NW and SW Iran, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 603 (111187), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111187.
Bagheri, S., and Stampfli, G.M., 2008. The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes in central Iran: new geological data, relationships and tectonic implications, Tectonophysics, 451 (1-4), 123–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.047.
Berberian, M., and King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 210-265.
Brand, U., Bitner, M.A., Logan, A., Azmy, K., Crippa, G., Angiolini, L., Colin, P., Griesshaber, E., Harper, E.M., Taddei Ruggiero, E.H., and Äussermann, V., 2019. Brachiopod-based oxygen-isotope thermometer: update and review, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 125, 775-787. https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/12226.
Eide, E.A., 2005. Analytical Methods: Geochronological Techniques, In: Selly, R.C., Robin, L., Cocks, M., and Plimer, I.R., (eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology, Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, p. 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369396-9/00103-9.
Gaetani, M., Angiolini, L., Ueno, K., Nicora, A., Stephenson, M., Sciunnach, D., Rettori, R., Price, G., and Sabouri, J., 2009. Pennsylvanian to Early Triassic stratigraphy in Alborz Mountains (Iran), In: Brunet, M.F., Wilmsen, M., and Granath, J.W., (eds.), South Caspian to Central Iran Basins, Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 312, 79-127. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP312.
Gamkrelidze, I.P., 1986. Geodynamic evolution of the Caucasus and adjacent areas in Alpine time, Tectonophysics, 127, 261-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90064-8.
Garbelli, C., 2017. Shell microstructures in Lopingian brachiopods: implications for fabric evolution and calcification, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 123 (3), 541-560.
Ghaderi, A., 2014. Stratigraphy and paleoecology of the Upper Permian to Permian – Triassic boundary in the northwest of Iran based on biostratigraphic data of conodonts and brachiopods. Ph.D. thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, 488p. (in persian)
Ghaderi, A., 2018. Quantitative analysis of palaeoecological features and paleobiogeographic setting of brachiopod fauna in the Julfa Formation (Early Lopingian), northwest Iran. Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches, 34 (2), 95-120. https://doi.org/10.22108/jssr.2018.108444.1030. (in persian)
Ghaderi, A., Garbelli, C., Angiolini, L., Ashouri, A.R., Korn, D., Rettori, R., and Mahmudy Gharaie, M.H., 2014b. Faunal changes near the End Permian Extinction: the brachiopods of the Ali Bashi Mountains, NW Iran, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia Stratigrafia, 120 (1), 27-59. https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/6048.
Ghaderi, A., Leda, L., Schobben, M., Korn, D., and Ashouri, A.R., 2014a. High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids, Fossil Record, 17, 41-57. https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-17-41-2014.
Ghaderi, A., Sadeghi, A., Ashouri, A.R., and Korn, D., 2015. Study of Late Permian (Wuchiapingian) brachiopods of sedimentary succession at the Zal section, Northwest Iran, Paleontology, 2 (2), 212-292. (in persian)
Ghaderi, A., Taherpour Khalil-Abad, M., Ashouri, A.R., and Korn, D., 2016. Permian Calcareous algae from the Khachik Formation at the Ali Bashi Mountains, NW of Iran, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9 (699), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2737-7.
Ghanizadeh Tabrizi, N., Ghaderi, A., Korn, D., and Ashouri, A.R., 2022. Wuchiapingian and early Changhsingian ammonoid biostratigraphy in northwestern Iran. Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches, 38 (1), 45-66.
https://doi.org/10.22108/jssr.2022.130310.1213. (in persian)
Gliwa, J., Forel, M.B., Crasquin, S., Ghaderi, A., and Korn, D. 2020a. Ostracods from the end‐Permian mass extinction in the Aras Valley section (north‐west Iran), Papers in Palaeontology, 7 (2), 1003-1042. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1330.
Gliwa, J., Ghaderi, A., Leda, L., Schobben, M., Tomás, S., Foster, W.J., Forel, M.B., Ghanizadeh Tabrizi, N., Grasby, S.E., Struck, U., Ashouri, A.R., and Korn, D., 2020b. Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section, Fossil Record, 23, 33–69. https://doi.org/ 10.5194/fr-23-33-2020.
Gliwa, J., Wiedenbeck, M., Schobben, M., Ullmann, C.V., Kiessling, V., Ghaderi, A., Struck, U., and Korn, D., 2022. Gradual warming prior to the end-Permian mass extinction, Palaeontology, 65 (5), e12621, 1-12. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/pala.12621.
Hassanzadeh, J., Stockli, D.F., Horton, B.K., Axen, G.J., Stockli, L.D., Grove, M., Schmitt, A.K., and Walker, J.D., 2008. U–Pb zircon geochronology of late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian granitoids in Iran: implications for paleogeography, magmatism, and exhumation history of Iranian basement, Tectonophysics 451, 71–96. https://doi. org/ 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.062.
Heads, M., 2012. Bayesian transmogrification of clade divergence dates: a critique, Journal of Biogeography, 39, 1749–1756. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02784.x.
Henderson, C.M., Mei, S.L., Shen, S.Z., and Wardlaw, B.R. 2008. Resolution of the reported Upper Permian conodont occurrences from northwestern Iran, Permophiles 51, 2–9.
Isaa, A., Ghaderi, A., Ashouri, A.R., and Korn, D., 2016. Late Permian - Early Triassic conodonts of the Zal section at the northwest of Iran. Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches, 32 (3), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.22108/jssr.2016.20876. (in persian)
Jaanusson, V., 1976. Faunal dynamics in the Middle Ordovician (Viruan) of Baltoscandia, In: (ed.): Bassett, M.G., The Ordovician System: Proceedings of a Palaeontological Association Symposium Birmingham, University of Wales Press,
Cardiff, pp. 301–326.
Jamei, S., Ghorbani, M., Williams, I.S., and Moayyed, M., 2021. Tethyan oceans reconstructions with emphasis on the Early Carboniferous Pir-Eshagh A-type rhyolite and the Late Palaeozoic magmatism in Iran, International Geology Review, 63 (11): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2020.1768443.
Kiessling, W., Schobben, M., Ghaderi, A., Hairapetian, V., Leda, L., and Korn, D., 2018. Pre–mass extinction decline of latest Permian ammonoids, Geology, 46 (3), 283-286. https://doi.org/10.1130/G39866.1.
Korn, D., Ghaderi, A., and Ghanizadeh Tabrizi, N., 2019. Early Changhsingian (Late Permian) ammonoids from NW Iran, Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie – Abhandlungen, 293 (1), 37-56. https://doi.org/ 10.1127/njgpa/2019/0829.
Korn, D., Ghaderi, A., Leda, L., Schobben, M., and Ashouri, A.R., 2016. The ammonoids from the Late Permian Paratirolites Limestone of Julfa (East Azerbaijan, Iran), Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 14 (10), 841-890. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2015.1119211.
Korte, C., Kozur, H.W., and Partoazar, H., 2004. Negative carbon isotope excursion at the Permian/Triassic boundary section at Zal, NW Iran, Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften, Reihe B, Beiheft, 18, 69-71.
Kozur, H.W., 2004. Pelagic uppermost Permian and the Permian–Triassic boundary conodonts of Iran, Part 1: taxonomy, Hallesches Jahrbuch Fur Geowissenschaften, Reihe B: Geologie, Palaontologie, Mineralogie, 18, 39–68.
Kozur, H.W., 2005. Pelagic uppermost Permian and the Permian-Triassic boundary conodonts of Iran, Part II: Investigated sections and evaluation of the conodont faunas, Hallesches Jahrbuch Fur Geowissenschaften, Reihe B: Geologie, Palaontologie, Mineralogie, 19, 49–86.
Leda, L., Korn, D., Ghaderi, A., Hairapetian, V., Struck, U., and Reimold, W.U., 2014. Lithostratigraphy and carbonate microfacies across the Permian–Triassic boundary near Julfa (NW Iran) and in the Baghuk Mountains (Central Iran), Facies, 60, 295–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-013-0366-0.
Natal’in, B.A., and Sengör, A.M.C., 2005. Late Palaeozoic to Triassic evolution of the Turan and Scythian platforms: the pre-history of the Palaeo-Tethyan closure, Tectonophysics 404 (3-4), 175–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.04.011.
Partoazar, H., 2002. Permian-Triassic boundary conodonts from Julfa-Abadeh Belt along Northwest and Central Iran, Permophiles, 41, 34-40.
Ruban, D.A., Al-Husseini, M.I., and Iwasaki, Y., 2007. Review of Middle East Paleozoic plate tectonics, GeoArabia, 12, 35–56. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia120335.
Ruzhencev, V.E., and Sarycheva, T.G., (eds.), 1965. Razvitie i smena morskikh organizmov na Rubezhe Paleozoya i Mezozoya, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 108, 1-431. (in Russian)
Saccani, E., Azimzadeh, Z., Dilek, Y., and Jahangiri, A., 2013. Geochronology and petrology of the Early Carboniferous Misho Mafic Complex (NW Iran) and implications for the melt evolution of Paleo-Tethyan rifting in Western Cimmeria, Lithos 162–163, 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.01.008.
Aharipour, R., Moussavi, M.R., Mosaddegh, H., and Mistiaen, B., 2010. Facies features and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Early to Middle Devonian syn-rift volcano-sedimentary succession (Padeha Formation) in the Eastern-Alborz Mountains, NE Iran, Facies, 56, 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-009-0200-x.
Alvaro, J.J., Ghobadi Pour, M., Sanchez-Garcia, T., Kebria-ee Zadeh, M.R., Hairapetian, V., and Popov, L.E., 2022. Stratigraphic and volcanic signatures of Miaolingian-Late Ordovician rift pulses in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 233 (105240): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105240.
Angiolini, L., 2007. Quantitative palaeoecology in the Pachycyrtella Bed, Early Permian of Interior Oman, Palaeoworld, 16, 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2007.05.019.
Angiolini, L., and Carabelli, L., 2010. Upper Permian brachiopods from the Nesen Formation, North Iran, Palaeontology, 84, 41–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00989.x.
Angiolini, L., Checconi, L., Gaetani, M., and Rettori, R., 2010. The latest Permian mass extinction in the Alborz Mountains (North Iran), Geological Journal, 45, 216-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1203.
Archbold, N.W., 1983. Permian marine invertebrate provinces of the Gondwanan Realm, Alcheringa 7, 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518308619634.
Arefifard, S., and Baud, A., 2022. Depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy architecture of continuous Upper Permian and Lowermost Triassic deep marine deposits in NW and SW Iran, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 603 (111187), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111187.
Bagheri, S., and Stampfli, G.M., 2008. The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes in central Iran: new geological data, relationships and tectonic implications, Tectonophysics, 451 (1-4), 123–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.047.
Berberian, M., and King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 210-265.
Brand, U., Bitner, M.A., Logan, A., Azmy, K., Crippa, G., Angiolini, L., Colin, P., Griesshaber, E., Harper, E.M., Taddei Ruggiero, E.H., and Äussermann, V., 2019. Brachiopod-based oxygen-isotope thermometer: update and review, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 125, 775-787. https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/12226.
Eide, E.A., 2005. Analytical Methods: Geochronological Techniques, In: Selly, R.C., Robin, L., Cocks, M., and Plimer, I.R., (eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology, Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, p. 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369396-9/00103-9.
Gaetani, M., Angiolini, L., Ueno, K., Nicora, A., Stephenson, M., Sciunnach, D., Rettori, R., Price, G., and Sabouri, J., 2009. Pennsylvanian to Early Triassic stratigraphy in Alborz Mountains (Iran), In: Brunet, M.F., Wilmsen, M., and Granath, J.W., (eds.), South Caspian to Central Iran Basins, Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 312, 79-127. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP312.
Gamkrelidze, I.P., 1986. Geodynamic evolution of the Caucasus and adjacent areas in Alpine time, Tectonophysics, 127, 261-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90064-8.
Garbelli, C., 2017. Shell microstructures in Lopingian brachiopods: implications for fabric evolution and calcification, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 123 (3), 541-560.
Ghaderi, A., 2014. Stratigraphy and paleoecology of the Upper Permian to Permian – Triassic boundary in the northwest of Iran based on biostratigraphic data of conodonts and brachiopods. Ph.D. thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, 488p. (in persian)
Ghaderi, A., 2018. Quantitative analysis of palaeoecological features and paleobiogeographic setting of brachiopod fauna in the Julfa Formation (Early Lopingian), northwest Iran. Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches, 34 (2), 95-120. https://doi.org/10.22108/jssr.2018.108444.1030. (in persian)
Ghaderi, A., Garbelli, C., Angiolini, L., Ashouri, A.R., Korn, D., Rettori, R., and Mahmudy Gharaie, M.H., 2014b. Faunal changes near the End Permian Extinction: the brachiopods of the Ali Bashi Mountains, NW Iran, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia Stratigrafia, 120 (1), 27-59. https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/6048.
Ghaderi, A., Leda, L., Schobben, M., Korn, D., and Ashouri, A.R., 2014a. High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids, Fossil Record, 17, 41-57. https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-17-41-2014.
Ghaderi, A., Sadeghi, A., Ashouri, A.R., and Korn, D., 2015. Study of Late Permian (Wuchiapingian) brachiopods of sedimentary succession at the Zal section, Northwest Iran, Paleontology, 2 (2), 212-292. (in persian)
Ghaderi, A., Taherpour Khalil-Abad, M., Ashouri, A.R., and Korn, D., 2016. Permian Calcareous algae from the Khachik Formation at the Ali Bashi Mountains, NW of Iran, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9 (699), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2737-7.
Ghanizadeh Tabrizi, N., Ghaderi, A., Korn, D., and Ashouri, A.R., 2022. Wuchiapingian and early Changhsingian ammonoid biostratigraphy in northwestern Iran. Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches, 38 (1), 45-66.
https://doi.org/10.22108/jssr.2022.130310.1213. (in persian)
Gliwa, J., Forel, M.B., Crasquin, S., Ghaderi, A., and Korn, D. 2020a. Ostracods from the end‐Permian mass extinction in the Aras Valley section (north‐west Iran), Papers in Palaeontology, 7 (2), 1003-1042. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1330.
Gliwa, J., Ghaderi, A., Leda, L., Schobben, M., Tomás, S., Foster, W.J., Forel, M.B., Ghanizadeh Tabrizi, N., Grasby, S.E., Struck, U., Ashouri, A.R., and Korn, D., 2020b. Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section, Fossil Record, 23, 33–69. https://doi.org/ 10.5194/fr-23-33-2020.
Gliwa, J., Wiedenbeck, M., Schobben, M., Ullmann, C.V., Kiessling, V., Ghaderi, A., Struck, U., and Korn, D., 2022. Gradual warming prior to the end-Permian mass extinction, Palaeontology, 65 (5), e12621, 1-12. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/pala.12621.
Hassanzadeh, J., Stockli, D.F., Horton, B.K., Axen, G.J., Stockli, L.D., Grove, M., Schmitt, A.K., and Walker, J.D., 2008. U–Pb zircon geochronology of late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian granitoids in Iran: implications for paleogeography, magmatism, and exhumation history of Iranian basement, Tectonophysics 451, 71–96. https://doi. org/ 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.062.
Heads, M., 2012. Bayesian transmogrification of clade divergence dates: a critique, Journal of Biogeography, 39, 1749–1756. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02784.x.
Henderson, C.M., Mei, S.L., Shen, S.Z., and Wardlaw, B.R. 2008. Resolution of the reported Upper Permian conodont occurrences from northwestern Iran, Permophiles 51, 2–9.
Isaa, A., Ghaderi, A., Ashouri, A.R., and Korn, D., 2016. Late Permian - Early Triassic conodonts of the Zal section at the northwest of Iran. Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches, 32 (3), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.22108/jssr.2016.20876. (in persian)
Jaanusson, V., 1976. Faunal dynamics in the Middle Ordovician (Viruan) of Baltoscandia, In: (ed.): Bassett, M.G., The Ordovician System: Proceedings of a Palaeontological Association Symposium Birmingham, University of Wales Press,
Cardiff, pp. 301–326.
Jamei, S., Ghorbani, M., Williams, I.S., and Moayyed, M., 2021. Tethyan oceans reconstructions with emphasis on the Early Carboniferous Pir-Eshagh A-type rhyolite and the Late Palaeozoic magmatism in Iran, International Geology Review, 63 (11): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2020.1768443.
Kiessling, W., Schobben, M., Ghaderi, A., Hairapetian, V., Leda, L., and Korn, D., 2018. Pre–mass extinction decline of latest Permian ammonoids, Geology, 46 (3), 283-286. https://doi.org/10.1130/G39866.1.
Korn, D., Ghaderi, A., and Ghanizadeh Tabrizi, N., 2019. Early Changhsingian (Late Permian) ammonoids from NW Iran, Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie – Abhandlungen, 293 (1), 37-56. https://doi.org/ 10.1127/njgpa/2019/0829.
Korn, D., Ghaderi, A., Leda, L., Schobben, M., and Ashouri, A.R., 2016. The ammonoids from the Late Permian Paratirolites Limestone of Julfa (East Azerbaijan, Iran), Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 14 (10), 841-890. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2015.1119211.
Korte, C., Kozur, H.W., and Partoazar, H., 2004. Negative carbon isotope excursion at the Permian/Triassic boundary section at Zal, NW Iran, Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften, Reihe B, Beiheft, 18, 69-71.
Kozur, H.W., 2004. Pelagic uppermost Permian and the Permian–Triassic boundary conodonts of Iran, Part 1: taxonomy, Hallesches Jahrbuch Fur Geowissenschaften, Reihe B: Geologie, Palaontologie, Mineralogie, 18, 39–68.
Kozur, H.W., 2005. Pelagic uppermost Permian and the Permian-Triassic boundary conodonts of Iran, Part II: Investigated sections and evaluation of the conodont faunas, Hallesches Jahrbuch Fur Geowissenschaften, Reihe B: Geologie, Palaontologie, Mineralogie, 19, 49–86.
Leda, L., Korn, D., Ghaderi, A., Hairapetian, V., Struck, U., and Reimold, W.U., 2014. Lithostratigraphy and carbonate microfacies across the Permian–Triassic boundary near Julfa (NW Iran) and in the Baghuk Mountains (Central Iran), Facies, 60, 295–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-013-0366-0.
Natal’in, B.A., and Sengör, A.M.C., 2005. Late Palaeozoic to Triassic evolution of the Turan and Scythian platforms: the pre-history of the Palaeo-Tethyan closure, Tectonophysics 404 (3-4), 175–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.04.011.
Partoazar, H., 2002. Permian-Triassic boundary conodonts from Julfa-Abadeh Belt along Northwest and Central Iran, Permophiles, 41, 34-40.
Ruban, D.A., Al-Husseini, M.I., and Iwasaki, Y., 2007. Review of Middle East Paleozoic plate tectonics, GeoArabia, 12, 35–56. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia120335.
Ruzhencev, V.E., and Sarycheva, T.G., (eds.), 1965. Razvitie i smena morskikh organizmov na Rubezhe Paleozoya i Mezozoya, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 108, 1-431. (in Russian)
Saccani, E., Azimzadeh, Z., Dilek, Y., and Jahangiri, A., 2013. Geochronology and petrology of the Early Carboniferous Misho Mafic Complex (NW Iran) and implications for the melt evolution of Paleo-Tethyan rifting in Western Cimmeria, Lithos 162–163, 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.01.008.
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Schobben, M., Stebbins, A., Ghaderi, A., Strauss, H., Korn, D., and Korte, Ch., 2015. Flourishing ocean drives the end-Permian marine mass extinction, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS), 112 (33), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.150375511.
Schobben, M., Van de Velde, S., Gliwa, L., Leda, L., Korn, D., Struck, U., Ullmann, C.V., Hairapetian, V., Ghaderi, A., Korte, Ch., Newton, R.J., Poulton, S.W., and Wignall, P.B., 2017. Latest Permian carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation, Climate of the Past, 11, 1635-1659.
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Shen, S.Z., and Shi, G.R., 2000. Wuchiapingian (early Lopingian, Permian) global brachiopod palaeobiogeography: a quantitative approach, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 162, 299-318. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00133-4.
Shen, S.Z., and Shi, G.R., 2007. Lopingian (Late Permian) brachiopods from South China, Part 1: Orthotetida, Orthida and Rhynchonellida, Bulletin of the Tohoku University Museum, 6, 1-102.
Shen, S.Z., Xie, J.F., Zhang, H., and Shi, G.R., 2009. Roadian-Wordian (Guadalupian, Middle Permian) global palaeobiogeography of brachiopods, Global and Planetary Change 65, 166–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.gloplacha. 2008.10.017.
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Teichert, C., Kummel, B., and Sweet, W.C., 1973. Permian-Triassic strata, Kuh-e-Ali Bashi, northwestern Iran, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 145, 359–472.
Schobben, M., Stebbins, A., Ghaderi, A., Strauss, H., Korn, D., and Korte, Ch., 2015. Flourishing ocean drives the end-Permian marine mass extinction, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS), 112 (33), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.150375511.
Schobben, M., Van de Velde, S., Gliwa, L., Leda, L., Korn, D., Struck, U., Ullmann, C.V., Hairapetian, V., Ghaderi, A., Korte, Ch., Newton, R.J., Poulton, S.W., and Wignall, P.B., 2017. Latest Permian carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation, Climate of the Past, 11, 1635-1659.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1635-2017.
Sengör, A.M.C., 1979. Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo-Triassic Tethys and its complications, Nature, 279, 590–593.
Sengör, A.M.C., 1990. A new model for the late Palaeozoic-Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Iran and implications for Oman, In, Robertson, A.H.F., Searle, M.P., and Ries, A.C., (eds.), The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region, Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 49, 797-831. https://doi.org/10.1144/ GSL.SP.1992.049.01.4.
Shafaii Moghadam, H., Khademi, M., Hu, Z., Stern, R.J., Santos, J.F., and Wu, Y., 2015. Cadomian (Ediacaran–Cambrian) arc magmatism in the ChahJam–Biarjmand metamorphic complex (Iran): magmatism along the northern active margin of Gondwana, Gondwana Research, 27, 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013. 10.014.
Shen, S.Z, Grunt, T.A., and Jin, Y.G., 2004. A comparative study of Comelicaniidae Merla, 1930 (Brachiopoda Athyridida) from the Lopingian (late Permian) of south China and Transcaucasia in Azerbaijan and Iran, Journal of Paleontology, 78, 884-899. https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0884:ACSOCM>2.0.CO;2.
Shen, S.Z., 2018. Global Permian brachiopod biostratigraphy: an overview. In: Lucas, S.G., and Shen, S.Z., (eds.), The Permian Timescale, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 450, 289–320. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP450.11.
Shen, S.Z., and Mei, S.L., 2010. Lopingian (Late Permian) high resolution conodont biostratigraphy in Iran with comparison to South China zonation, Geological Journal, 45, 135–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1231.
Shen, S.Z., and Shi, G.R., 2000. Wuchiapingian (early Lopingian, Permian) global brachiopod palaeobiogeography: a quantitative approach, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 162, 299-318. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00133-4.
Shen, S.Z., and Shi, G.R., 2007. Lopingian (Late Permian) brachiopods from South China, Part 1: Orthotetida, Orthida and Rhynchonellida, Bulletin of the Tohoku University Museum, 6, 1-102.
Shen, S.Z., Xie, J.F., Zhang, H., and Shi, G.R., 2009. Roadian-Wordian (Guadalupian, Middle Permian) global palaeobiogeography of brachiopods, Global and Planetary Change 65, 166–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.gloplacha. 2008.10.017.
Shi, G.R., and Grunt, T.A., 2000. Permian Gondwanan –Boreal antitropicality with special reference to brachiopod faunas, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 155, 239-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00118-2.
Stampfli, G.M., and Borel, G.D., 2002. A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 196, 17-33.
Stampfli, G.M., Hochard, C., Verard, C., Wilhem, C., and von Raumer, J., 2013. The formation of Pangea, Tectonophysics 593, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.037.
Stepanov, D.L., Golshani, F., and Stocklin, J., 1969. Upper Permian and Permian-Triassic boundary in North Iran, Geological Survey of Iran, Report 12, 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X.
Stocklin, J., 1968. Structural History and Tectonic of Iran: A Review, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52, 1229-1258. https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25C4A5-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Taraz, H., Golshani, F., Nakazawa, K., Sgimuzu, D., Bando, Y., Ishi, K.I., Murata, M., Okimura, Y., Sakagami, S., Nakamura, K., and Tokuoka, T., 1981. The Permian and Lower Triassic Systems in Abadeh region, central Iran, Memoirs of the Faculty of Sciences, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 47, 61–133. [=Iranian-Japanese Research Group (IJRG)].
Teichert, C., Kummel, B., and Sweet, W.C., 1973. Permian-Triassic strata, Kuh-e-Ali Bashi, northwestern Iran, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 145, 359–472.
Torsvik, T.H., and Cocks, L.R.M., 2004. Earth geography from 400 to 250 Ma: a palaeomagnetic, faunal and facies review, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 161, 555-572. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764903-098.
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https://doi.org/10.4435/BSPI.2021.16.
Williams, A., Carlson, S.J., Brunton, C.H.C., Holmer, L.E., and Popov, L.E., 1996. A supra-ordinal classification of the Brachiopoda. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (series B) 351: 1171–1193.
Xu, G.R., and Grant, R.E., 1994. Brachiopods near the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 76, 1-68. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.76.1.
Zanchi, A., Zanchetta, S., Berra, F., Mattei, M., Garzanti, E., Molyneux, S., Nawab, A., and Sabouri, J., 2009. The Eo-Cimmerian (Late? Triassic) orogeny in North Iran. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 312, 31-55. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP312.
Viaretti, M., Crippa, G., Posenato, R., Shen, S.Z., and Angiolini, L., 2021. Lopingian brachiopods from the Abadeh section (Central Iran) and their biostratigraphic implications, Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 60 (3), 213-254.
https://doi.org/10.4435/BSPI.2021.16.
Williams, A., Carlson, S.J., Brunton, C.H.C., Holmer, L.E., and Popov, L.E., 1996. A supra-ordinal classification of the Brachiopoda. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (series B) 351: 1171–1193.
Xu, G.R., and Grant, R.E., 1994. Brachiopods near the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 76, 1-68. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.76.1.
Zanchi, A., Zanchetta, S., Berra, F., Mattei, M., Garzanti, E., Molyneux, S., Nawab, A., and Sabouri, J., 2009. The Eo-Cimmerian (Late? Triassic) orogeny in North Iran. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 312, 31-55. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP312.
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