Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran

Abstract

For interpretation of paragenetic sequence and post depositional history of siliciclastic sediments of Dahu Formation (Late Camberian), two stratigraphy sections were measured at Dahuieh (type section) and Gazuieh in the NE and E of Zarand, with the thickness of 240 and 227 meters, respectively. The diagenetic processes affected these sediments, during three stages eogenesis, mesogenesis and telogenesis, including compaction, cementation, alteration, dissolution, fracturing and vein filling. Clay mineral study within sandstone and mud rocks of Dahu Formation led to identification of two groups of clay as illite and cholerite. Illite form 90% of clay minerals in these sediments that are mostly formed during burials and clay mineral diagenesis as well as alteration and dissolution of potassium feldspar. The interpreted paragenetic sequence shows that a large number of diagenetic processes act in the mesogenetic stage. Physical compaction and hematite cement have operated in eogenetic stage, while other processes such as chemical compaction, silica and dolomite cement, feldspar alteration, sericitization, ilitization and chloritization, dissolution of feldspars and cherts have occurred in mesogenetic stage. The fractures and calcite vein filling have formed in telogenetic stage during uplifting. We hope that this information can be used for evaluation of post depositional and burial history of similar sediments in local and regional scale.    
 

Keywords

References
Al-Ramadan, K. A., Hussain, M., Imam, B. & Saner, S., 2004- Lithologic characteristics and diagenesis of he Devonian Jauf sandstone at Ghawar Field, eastern Saudi Arabia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21,1221–1234.                                                                     
Baron, M. &  Parnell. J., 2007- Relationships between stylolites and cementation in sandstone reservoirs: Examples from the North Sea, U. K. and East Greenland. Sedimentary Geology, 194, 17–35.
Bauer A., Velde, B. & Berger G., 1998- Kaolinite transformation in high molar KOH solutions. Applied Geochemistry, 13, 619-629.
Bernet, M. & Bassett, K., 2005- Provenance analysis by single quartz- grain SEM-CL/Optical microscopy. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 75, 492-500.
Cooke, M. L., Simo, J. A., Underwood, C. A. & Rijken, P., 2006- Mechanical stratigrphic controls on fracture patterns within carbonates and implications for groundwater flow. Sedimentary Geology, 184, 225-239.
Cuadros,J., 2006- Modeling of smectite illitization in burial diagenesis environments, Geochemical at Cosmochimca Acta,70, 4181-4195.
Dickson, J. A. D., 1966- Carbonate identification and genesis as revealed by staining. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 36, 441-505.
Ehrenberg S. N., Aagaard P., Wilson M. J., Fraser A. R.& Duthie D. M. L., 1993- Depth-dependent transformation of kaolinite to dickite in sandstones of the Norwegian continental shelf. Clay Minerals, 28, 325-352.
Einsele, G., 2000- Sedimentary Basin Evolution, Facies and Sediment Budget. (2nd edition), Springer-Verlag, 792p.
Hathon, L. A. & Houseknecht, D. W., 1992- Orgin and diagenesis of clay minerals in the Oligocene Sespe Formation, Ventura basin. In: Houseknecht, D. W. and Pittman, E. D. (Eds.), Origin, Diagenesis, and Petrophysics of Clay Minerals in Sandstones. SEPM Special Publication,47, 185-195.
Hemming, N. G., Meyers, W. J. & Grams, J. C. 1989- Cathodoluminiscence in diagenetic calcites: The roles of  Fe and Mn as deduced from electron probe and spectrophotometric measurement. Journal of Sedimentary Petroleum, 59, 404-411.
Hood, S. D., Nelson, C. S. &  Kamp,  P. J. J., 2004- Burial dolomitisation  in  on-tropical carbonate petroleum reservoir: the Oligocene Tikorangi  Formation  Taranaki  Basin,  New Zealand: Sedimentary Geology, 172,  117–138.
Ingersoll, R. V., Bullard, T. F., Ford, R. L., Grimm, J. P., Pickle, J. D. & Sares, S.W., 1984- The effect of grain size on detrital modes: A test of the Gazzi-Dickinson point – conting method., Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54, 0103-0116. 
Jimenez-Espinosa, R. & Jimenez-Millan, J., 2003- Calcrete development in Mediterranean colluvial carbonate systems from SE Spain. Journal of Arid Environments, 53, 479-489.
Kay, M. A., Main, I. G., Elphick, S. C.& Ngwenya, B. T., 2006- Fault gouge diagenesis at shallow burial depth: Solution–precipitation reactions in well-sorted and poorly sorted powders of crushed sandstone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 243, 607–614.
Kim, J. C., Lee, Y. I., & Hisada, K., 2007- Depositional and compositional controls on sandstone diagenesis, the Tetori Group (Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous), Central Japan. Sedimentary Geology, 195, 183–202.
Lanson, B., Beaufort, D., Berger, G., Bauer, A., Cassagnabere, A. & Meunier, A., 2002-Authigenic kaolin and illitic minerals during burial diagenesis of sandstones: a review. Clay Mineralogy, 37, 1-22.
Lanson, B., Beaufort, D., Berger, J. & Lacharpagne, J. C., 1996- Late stage diagenesis of clay minerals in porous rocks: Lower Permian Rotliegendes reservoir off-shore of the Netherlands. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66, 501-518.
Mansurbeg, H., Morad, S., Salem, A., Marfil, R., El-ghali, M. A. K., Nystuen, J.P., Caja, M. A., Amorosi, A., Garcia, D. & La Iglesia, A., 2007- Diagenesis and reservoir quality evolution of palaeocene deep-water, marine sandstones, the Shetland-Faroes Basin, British continental shelf. Marine and Petroleum Geology, in press.
McBride, E. F., 1989- Quartz cement in sandstones: a review. Earth Science Reviews, 26, 69-112.
Molennar, N., Cyziene, J. & Sliaupa, S., 2006- Quartz cementation mechanisms and porosity variation in Baltic Cambrian sandstones. Sedimentary Geology, xx, 1-25.
Morad, S., Ketzar, J.M. & Ros, L. F., 2000- Spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alteration in siliciclastic rocks: Implications for mass transfer in sedimentary basins. Sedimentology, 47, 95-120.
Moraes, M. A. &  De Ros, L. F., 1992- Depositional, infiltrated and authigenic clays in fluvial sandstone of the Jurassic Sergi Formation, Reconcavo basin, northeastern Brazil. In: Houseknecht, D. W. and Pittman  , E. D. (Eds.), Origin, Diagenesis, and Petrophysics of Clay Minerals in Sandstones. SEPM Special Publication,47, 197-208.
Mork, M. B. E. & Moen, K., 2007- Compaction microstructures in quartz grains and quartz cement in deeply buried reservoir sandstones using combined petrography and EBSD analysis. Journal of Structural Geology, xx, 1-12.
Moussavi-Harami, R. & Brenner, R. L., 1993- Diagenesis of nonmarine petroleum reservoirs: The Neocomian (Lower Cretaceous) Shurijeh Formation, Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 16, 55-72.
Osborne, M., Hazelding, R. S. & Fallick, A. E., 1994- Variation in Kaolinite morphology with growth temperature in isotopically mixed pore-fluids, Brent group, UK North Sea. Clay Minerals, 29, 591-608.
Parcerisa, D., Gomez-Gras, D., Trave, A., Martin-Martin, J. D. & Maestro, E., 2006- Fe and Mn in calcites cementing red beds: a record of oxidation-reduction conditions examples from the CatalanCoastalRanges (NE Spain). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 89, 318-321.
Platt, J. D., 1993- Controls on clay mineral distribution and chemistry in the early Permian Rotliegend of Germany. Clay Minerals,28, 393-416
Purvis, K., 1995- Diagenesis of Lower Jurassic sandstones, Block 211/13 (Penguin area), UK northern North Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 12, 219-228.
Reed, J. S., Eriksson, K. A. & Kowalewski, M., 2005- Climate, depositional and burial controls on diagenesis of Appalachian Carboniferous Sandstones: qualitative and quantitative methods. Sedimentary Geology, 176, 225-246.
Sanyal, P., Bhattacharya, S. K. & Prasad. 2005- Chemical diagenesis of Siwalik sandstone: Isotopic and mineralogical proxies from Surai Khola section, Nepal. Sedimentary Geology, 180, 57–74.
Schmid, S., Worden, R. H. & Fisher, Q. J., 2004- Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Sherwood Sandstone (Triassic), Corrib Field, Slyne Basin, west of Ireland. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21, 299–315.
Tucker, M. E. & Wright, V.P., 1991- Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford, 482p.
Tucker, M. E., 2001- Sedimentary Petrology. Third Edition, Blackwell, Oxford, 260p.
Weber, J. & Ricken, W., 2005- Quartz cementation and related sedimentary architecture of the Triassic Solling Formation, Reinhardswald Basin, Germany. Sedimentary Geology, 175, 459-477.
Wolela, A. M. & Gierlowski-Kordesch, E. H., 2007- Diagenetic history of fluvial and lacustrine sandstones of the Hartford Basin (Triassic–Jurassic), Newark Supergroup, USA. Sedimentary Geology, 197, 99–126.
Worden, R. H., &  Morad, S., 2000- Quartz cementation in oil field sandstones: a review of the key controversies. In: Worden, R., Morad, S. (Eds.), Quartz Cementation in Sandstones. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication,29, 1–20.
Wycherley, H. L., Parnell, J., Watt, G. R., Chen, H. & Boyce, A. J., 2003- Indicators of hot fluid migration in sedimentary basins: evidence from the UK Atlantic Margin. Petrolem Geoscience 9, 357–374.