Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant professor Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran

3 Earth Sciences Research Institute ,Geological Survey of Iran

4 Department of Geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

KoheSiah volcanic complex is in north east of Qorveh in the Kurdistan province and in Sanandaj-Sirjan zone.The age of the studied region rocks are related to the quaternary time. Set volcanic cone with a crater that has been identified as unspecified and are an average height of 2157 meters above sea level. The composition of volcanic rocks varies from basaltic composition, Basalitic andesites, andesite and , trachyandesite. On the basis of mineral chemistry the amphiboles are classified as calcic (magnesio-hornblende). Plagioclases vary from andesine-oligoclase to labradorite. Al-barometer accounts that the pressure of amphibole crystallization is 3.2 to 6.65 Kbar and Altotal versus Fetotal/(Mg+Fetotal) accounts the pressure between 4.5 to 7 Kbar. Hornblende - plagioclase thermometer shows 464 to 473 °C for equilibrium of these two minerals and biotite thermometer shows 500 to 650 °C for biotite in andesites. The estimated oxygen fugacity imply an oxidation magma (confirms iron oxide and enrichment of Mg in amphibole)

Keywords

References
Abbot, R. N. and Clarke, D. B., 1979- Hypothermal liquids relationships in the subsystem Al2O3- FeO-MgO projected from quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase for (H2O)<1, Canadian Mineralogist, 17: 549- 560.
Abdel-Rahan, A. M., 1994- Nature of biotites from alkaline, calc-alkaline, and peraluminous magma. Journal of Pettology, 35(2): 525- 541.
Abrecht, J. and Hewitt, D. A., 1988- Experimental evidence on the substitution of Ti in biotite: American Mineralogist, v. 73, p. 1275- 1284.
Alavi, M., 1989- Tectonic map of the Middle East, Geological Survey of Iran. Tehran.
Allen, M. B., Kheirkhah, M., Neill, I., Emami, M. H. and Mcleod, C., 2013- Generation of arc and within-plate chemical signatures in collision zone magmatism: Quaternary lavas from Kurdistan Province, Iran. Journal of Petrology 54: 887- 911.
Anderson, J. L. and Smith, D. R., 1995- The effect of temperature and oxygen fugacity on Al – in hornblende barometry: American Mineralogist, v. 80, p. 549- 559.
Anderson, J. L., 1996- Status of thermo-barometry in granitic batholiths, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences 87: 125-138.
Arima, M. and Edgar, A. D., 1981- Substitution mechanisms and solubility of titanium in phlogopites from rocks of probable mantle origin: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 77, p. 288- 295.
Berberian, F. and Berberian, M., 1981- Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya, Geodynamic Evolution: Geodynamics Series 3, 1st Edn., Am. Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp: 5- 32.
Blundy, J. D. and Holland, T. J. B., 1990- Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole – plagioclase geothermometer: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 104, p. 208- 224.
Brown, E. H., 1977- The crossite content of Ca – amphibole as a guide to pressure of metamorphism: Journal of Petrology, v. 18, p. 53- 72.
Cameron, K. L., 1975- An experimental study of actinolite – cummingtonite phase relations with notes on the synthesis Fe – rich anthophyllite: American Mineralogist, v. 60, p. 375- 390.
Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A. and Zussman, J., 1965- An Introduction to rock – forming Minerals, Longman, 528 p.
Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A. and Zussman, J., 1992- An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals: Longman, London, 528 p.
Dietl, C., 2000- Structural and Petrologic Aspects of the Emplacement of Granitoid Plutons: Case Studies from the Western Margin of the Joshua Flat-Beer Creek-Pluton (White-Inyo Mountains, California) and the Flaser granitoid Zone (Odenwald, Germany). Unpublished PhD thesis, Heidelberg University, Germany.
Droop, G. T. R., 1987- A general equation for estimating Fe3+ concentrations in ferromagnesian silicates and oxides from microprobe analyses, using stoichiometric criteria, Mineralogical Magazine, 51, 431- 435.
Ernst, W. G. and Liu, J., 1998- Experimental phase – equilibrium study of Al- and Ti- contents of calcic Amphibole in MORB – A semi quantitative thermobarometer: American Mineralogist, v. 83, p. 952- 969.
Gilbert, M. C., Helz, R. T., Popp, R. K. and Spear, F. S., 1982- Experimental studies of amphibole stability. In D.R. Veblen and P.H., Ribbe, Eds., Amphiboles: petrology and experimental phase relations: Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., v. 9B, p. 229- 353.
Hammarstrom J. M., and Zen, E., 1986- Aluminum in hornblende: An empirical igneous geobarometer: American Mineralogist, v. 71, p. 1297- 1313.
Hawthorne, F. C., 1981- Crystal chemistry of amphiboles. In D.R. Veblen, Ed., Amphiboles and other hydrous pyriboles – mineralogy, Reviews in Mineralogy: Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D. C., v. 9A, p. 1- 102.
Henry, D., Guidotti, Ch., and Thomson, J., 2005- Ti-saturation surface for low to medium pressure metapelitic biotites: implications for geothermometry and Ti-substitution mechanisms, American Mineraligist, 90,316- 328.
Holland, T., and Blundy, J., 1994- Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v.116, p. 433- 447.
Hollister, L. S., Grissom, G. C., Peters, E. K., Stowell, H. H. and Sisson, V. B., 1987- Confirmation of the empirical correlation of Al in hornblende with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline plutons: American Mineralogist, v. 72, p. 231- 239.
Hynes, A., 1982- A comparison of amphiboles from medium- to low- pressure metabasites: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 81, p. 119- 125.
Johnson, M. C., and Rutherford, M. J., 1989- Experimental calibration of an aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer with application to Long Valley caldera (California) volcanic rocks: Geology, v. 17, p. 837- 841.
Lalonde, A. E. and Bernard, P., 1993- Composition and color of biotite from granites: two useful properties in the characterization of plutonic suites from the Hepburn internal zone of Wopmay orogen, Northwest Territories, Canadian Mineralogist 31: 203- 217.
Mader, U. K. and Berman, R. G., 1992- Amphibole thermobarometry: a thermodynamic approach: Geological Survey of Canada, 92-1E, p. 393- 400.
Meschede,  M., 1986- A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram. Chem. Geol., 56,pp 207- 218.
Nachit, H., 1986- Contribution à l’étude analytique et expérimentale des biotites des granitoïdes, applications typologiques, thèse, université de Bretagne occidentale, Brest.
Nachit, H., Ibhi, A., Abia, E. H. and Ohoud, M. B., 2005- Discrimination between primary magmatic biotites, reequilibrated biotites and neoformed biotites: Geomaterials (Mineralogy), Comptes Rendus, Geoscience, v. 337, p. 1415- 1420.
Partin, E., Hewitt, D. A. and Wones, D. R. 1983- Quantification of ferric iron in biotite. Geological  Society American, 15. 659.
Raase, P., 1974- Al and Ti contents of hornblende, indicators of pressure and temperature of regional metamorphism: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 45, p. 231- 236.
Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G., Yakonov, Y. D., Frank-Kanetskii, V. A., Gottardi, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P. V., Müller, G., Neiva A. M. R., Radoslovich, E. W., Robert, J. L., Sassi, F. P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., and Wones, D. R., 1998- Nomenclature of the micas, Canadian Mineralogist 36 (3) 905- 912.
Robert, J. L., 1976- Titanium solubility in synthetic phlogopite solid solutions: Chemical Geology, v. 17, p. 213- 227.
Scaillet, B. and Evans, B. W., 1999- The 15 June 1991 eruption of mount Pinatubo. I, Phase equilibria and pre-eruption P-T-ƒO2-ƒH2O conditions of the dacite magma, Journal of Petrology, 40(3): 381- 411.
Schmidt, M. W., 1992- Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 110, p. 304- 10.
Schmidt, M. W., 1993- Phase relations and compositions in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental study at 650 °C, American Journal of Sciences 293: 1011- 1060.
Spear, F. S., 1981- An experimental study of hornblende stability and compositional variability in amphibole: American Journal of Science, v. 281, p. 697- 734.
Stein, E., and Dietl, C., 2001- Hornblende thermobarometry of granitoids from Central Odenwald (Germany) and their implications for geotectonic development of the Odenwald: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 72, p. 185- 207.
Stone, D., 2000- Temperature and pressure variations in suites of Archean felsic plutonic rocks, Berens River area, northwest Superior province, Ontario, Canada, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 38: 455- 470.
Tronnes, R. G., Edgar, A. D. and Arima, M., 1985- A high pressure-high temperature study of TiO2 solubility in Mg-rich phlogopite: Implications to phlogopite chemistry: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 2323- 2329