Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences

Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences

Source and evolution of ore-forming fluids in the Bafq district iron oxide–apatite deposits, Central Iran: insights from pyrite sulfur isotope and magnetite oxygen isotope ratios

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors
1 Department of Mineral and Ground Water Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Division of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
10.22071/gsj.2026.578346.2247
Abstract
Despite sharing several key features, the iron oxide–apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran, display variations in host rocks, wall rock alteration, and ore texture/mineralogy, and geochemical attributes, reflecting the complexity of the ore forming processes and the ore fluid sources. Here, oxygen and sulfur isotope composition of magnetite and pyrite, respectively, from various massive, vein-type, breccia, banded, and cumulate ores are used to investigate the source and evolution of the ore-forming fluids in the Bafq district iron deposits. The δ¹⁸O values of magnetite from Chadormalu, Gazestan, Mishdovan, Lak-e-Siah, and Se-Chahun deposits range from +0.7‰ to +8.2‰. Massive and vein-type magnetites exhibit lower δ¹⁸O values, between 0.7-4.4‰, consistent with crystallization from high-temperature magmatic fluids. The δ¹⁸O value of +3.9‰ for the banded ore at Mishdovan, interbedded with pyroclastic materials, indicates a significant contribution from high-temperature magmatic fluids. Magnetite from the cumulate ore in Chadormalu, yielded δ¹⁸O value at +2.5‰ implying formation under high-temperature magmatic conditions. In contrast, the higher δ¹⁸O values (up to +8‰) for magnetite from the Gazestan and Lak-e-Siah banded ore suggest deposition from non-magmatic fluids, compatible with a sedimentary–diagenetic origin or sub-seafloor replacement. The δ³⁴S values for pyrite from massive, brecciated, and vein-type ores range widely from +4‰ to +30‰, indicating the involvement of variable, dominantly nonmagmatic, sulfur sources. The broad ranges of oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions suggest a multi-stage evolutionary model for mineralization, with contributions from both magmatic and non-magmatic fluid sources. This is supported by the fluid inclusion data, where wide ranges of fluid salinity and homogenization temperature are reported from various IOA deposits in the Bafq district, and even in individual deposits.
Keywords
Subjects

اسماعیلی، م.، و علیرضایی، س.، 1404، منبع سیال کانسنگ‌ساز در کانسارهای اکسیدآهن-آپاتیت ناحیه بافق، ایران مرکزی رهیافتی بر پایه میانبارهای سیال، مجله زمین‌شناسی اقتصادی، جلد17، شماره 4، ص.89-121. https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.2025.1155
افضلی، س.، نظافتی، ن.، و قادری، م.، ۱۳۹۵، مطالعه میانبارهای سیال و ایزوتوپ‌های پایدار در کانسار مگنتیتآپاتیت گزستان، ایران مرکزی. فصلنامه علوم زمین‌، سازمان زمین‌شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، دوره ۲۶، شماره101،ص. 35-44. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2016.41000
حسینی، ک.، شاه پسندزاده، م.، مرادیان بافقی، م.ح.، 1401، منشأ سیال کانه‌‌ساز در کانسار مگنتیت-آپاتیت چغارت، شمال‌ شرق بافق: شواهدی از کانی‌شناسی، زمین‌‌شیمی، ریزدماسنجی و ایزوتوپ‌های پایدار (O-C و O-H) و ناپایدار (U-Pb و Nd-Sm)، مجله زمین‌شناسی اقتصادی، دوره14 (1)، ص. 109-155. https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.2021.67972.1004
سامانی، ب.،1371، معرفی سازند ساغند با رخسارهای ریفتی و جایگاه چینه‌نگاری آن در پرکامبرین پسین ایران مرکزی، فصلنامه علوم زمین، سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، دوره 2، شماره 6، ص. 3-45 .
سپهری‌راد، ر.، ۱۳۹۸، فرآیندهای کنترل‌کننده کانه‌زایی اکسید آهنآپاتیتعناصر نادر خاکی در کانسار گزستان، ایران مرکزی. رساله دکتری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران، ۱۸۸ صفحه.
 
Aftabi, A., Mohseni, S., Babeki, A., and Azaraien, H., 2009. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Esfordi apatite-magnetite deposit, central Iran—a discussion, Economic geology, 104(1), 137–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.05.018. 
Afzali, S., Nezafati, N., and Ghaderi, M., 2016. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Gazestan magnetite-apatite deposit, Central Iran, Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 26(101), 35–44. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2016.41000.
Barton, M. D., and Johnson, D. A., 1996. Evaporitic-source model for igneous-related Fe oxide–(REE-Cu-Au-U) mineralization, Geology, 24(3), 259–262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024%3C0259:ESMFIR%3E2.3.CO;2.
Barton, M. D., and Johnson, D. A., 2000. Alternative brine sources for Fe-oxide (-Cu-Au) systems: Implications for hydrothermal alteration and metals. In: T. M. Porter (Editor), Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold & related deposits: a global perspective. Australian Mineral Foundation, Adelaide, pp. 43–60. http://https://www.geo.arizona.edu/~mdbarton/MDB_papers_pdf/Barton[00_BrineSourcesIOCGdeps_AMF.pdf.
Barton, M., 2014. Iron oxide (-Cu-Au-REE-P-Ag-U-Co) systems. In Treatise on Geochemistry: Second Edition (pp. 515–541). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01123-2.
Bilenker, L. D., Simon, A. C., Reich, M., Lundstrom, C. C., Gajos, N., Bindeman, I., Barra, F., and Munizaga, R., 2016. Fe–O stable isotope pairs elucidate a high-temperature origin of Chilean iron oxide-apatite deposits, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 177, 94–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.01.009.
Bonyadi, Z., Davidson, G. J., Mehrabi, B., Meffre, S., and Ghazban, F., 2011. Significance of apatite REE depletion and monazite inclusions in the brecciated Se–Chahun iron oxide–apatite deposit, Bafq district, Iran: insights from paragenesis and geochemistry. Chemical Geology, 281(3-4), 253–269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.013.
Borumandi, H., 1973. Petrograpische und Lagerst attenkundliche untersuchungen der Esfordi-formation zwischen Mishdovan und Kushk bei Yazd/Zentral Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aachen, Germany, 174p.
Daliran, F., 2002. Kiruna-Type Iron Oxide-Apatite Ores and "Apatitites" of the Bafq District, Iran, with an Emphasis on the REE Geochemistry of their Apatites. In: T. Porter (Editor), Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold & related deposits: a global perspective. PGC Publishing, Adelaide, 2: pp. 303–320. https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-19bafq-district-irandaliran.pdf.
Daliran, F., Stosch, H., Williams, P., Jamali, H., Dorri, M., Corriveau, L., and Mumin, A., 2010. Early Cambrian iron oxide-apatite-REE (U) deposits of the Bafq district, East-Central Iran, Exploring for iron oxide copper-gold deposits: Canada and global analogues, Geologists Association, Canada, 143–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12789/2010SCN20/147.159 .
De Hoog, J., Mason, P., and van Bergen, M. M., 2001. Sulfur and chalcophile elements in subduction zones: constraints from a laser ablation ICP-MS study of melt inclusions from Galunggung Volcano, Indonesia, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(18), 3147–3164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00634-2.
Deymar, S., Yazdi, M., Rezvanianzadeh, M. R., and Behzadi, M., 2018. Alkali metasomatism as a process for Ti–REE–Y–U–Th mineralization in the Saghand Anomaly 5, Central Iran: Insights from geochemical, mineralogical, and stable isotope data. Ore Geology Reviews, 93, 308–336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.008.
Esmaeili, M., and Alirezaei, S., 2025. Source of ore-forming fluids in iron oxide–apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran: Insights from fluid inclusion studies. Journal of Economic Geology, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 89–121. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.2025.1155.
Förster, H., and Jafarzadeh, A.,  1994. The Bafq mining district in central Iran; a highly mineralized Infracambrian volcanic field, Economic geology, 89(8), 1697–1721. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1697.
Frietsch, R., Billström, K., and Perdahl, J.-A., 1995. Sulphur isotopes in Lower Proterozoic iron and sulphide ores in northern Sweden. Mineralium Deposita, 30(3), 275–284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196363.
Gow, P., Wall, V., Oliver, N., and Valenta, R., 1994. Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-REE) deposits: Further evidence of hydrothermal origins, Geology, 22(7), 633–636. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022%3C0633:PIOCUA%3E2.3.CO;2.
Haghipour, A., 1974. Étude géologique de la région de Biabanak-Bafq (Iran Central); pétrologie et tectonique du socle Précambrien et de sa couverture, Ph.D. Thesis, Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grenoble, France, 403 p. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00740361v1.
Haghipour, A., 1977. Geological Map of the Posht-e-Badam Area, scale 1:100000. Geological Survey of Iran.
Haghipour, A., and Pelissier, G., 1977. Geological map of the Biabanak-Bafq area, scale 1:100000. Geological survey of Iran.
Harlov, D. E., Andersson, U. B., Förster, H.-J., Nyström, J. O., Dulski, P., and Broman, C., 2002. Apatite–monazite relations in the Kiirunavaara magnetite–apatite ore, northern Sweden, Chemical Geology, 191(1-3), 47–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00148-1.
Heidarian, H., Alirezaei, S., and Lentz, D. R., 2017. Chadormalu Kiruna-type magnetite-apatite deposit, Bafq district, Iran: Insights into hydrothermal alteration and petrogenesis from geochemical, fluid inclusion, and sulfur isotope data. Ore Geology Reviews, 83, 43–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.11.031.
Heidarian, H., Lentz, D. R., Alirezaei, S., McFarlane, C. R., and Peighambari, S., 2018. Multiple stage ore formation in the Chadormalu iron deposit, Bafq Metallogenic Province, Central Iran: evidence from BSE imaging and apatite EPMA and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology, Minerals, 8(3), 87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/min8030087.
Heidarian, H., Lentz, D., Alirezaei, S., Peighambari, S., and Hall, D., 2016. Using the chemical analysis of magnetite to constrain various stages in the formation and genesis of the Kiruna-type chadormalu magnetite-apatite deposit, Bafq district, Central Iran, Mineralogy and Petrology, 110(6): 927–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-016-0440-8.
Hitzman, M. W., Oreskes, N., and Einaudi, M. T., 1992. Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-REE) deposits, Precambrian research, 58(1-4), 241–287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90121-4
Hoefs, J., 2018. Theoretical and Experiment Principles, In Stable Isotope Geochemistry (pp. 1–51). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78527-1_1.
Hosseini, K., Shahpasandzadeh, M., and Moradian Bafghi, M.H., 2022. Origin of Mineralizing Fluids in the Choghart MagnetiteApatite Deposit, NE of Bafq: Evidence from Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Microthermometry, Stable (O-H and O-C) and Unstable Isotopes (U-Pb and Nd-Sm). Journal of Economic Geology, 14(1): 109–155. (In Persian). https://dx.doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.2021.67972.1004.
Huckriede, R., Kürsten, M., and Venzlaff, H., 1962. On the geology of the area between Kerman and Sagand, Iran (in German), Supplements to the Geological Yearbook, Hannover, Germany, 197 p.
Hushmandzadeh, A., 1969. Metamorphism and granitization of the Chapedony massive (central Iran). Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Grenoble, France. 242 p.
Jami, M., 2005. Geology, geochemistry and evolution of the Esfordi phosphate-iron deposit, Bafq area, Central Iran, Ph.D. thesis, UNSW Sydney. 396p.
Jami, M., Dunlop, A. C., and Cohen, D. R., 2007. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Esfordi apatite-magnetite deposit, Central Iran, Economic geology, 102(6), 1111–1128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.6.1111 .
Jonsson, E., Troll, V. R., Högdahl, K., Harris, C., Weis, F., Nilsson, K. P., and Skelton, A., 2013. Magmatic origin of giant ‘Kiruna-type’apatite-iron-oxide ores in Central Sweden, Scientific reports, 3(1), 1644. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01644. 
Li, X., Zhao, K.-D., Jiang, S.-Y., and Palmer, M. R., 2019. In-situ U-Pb geochronology and sulfur isotopes constrain the metallogenesis of the giant Neves Corvo deposit, Iberian Pyrite Belt. Ore Geology Reviews, 105, 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.12.023.
Majidi, S. A., Omrani, J., Troll, V. R., Weis, F. A., Houshmandzadeh, A., Ashouri, E., Nezafati, N., and Chung, S.-L. 2021. Employing geochemistry and geochronology to unravel genesis and tectonic setting of iron oxide-apatite deposits of the Bafq-Saghand metallogenic belt, Central Iran. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 110(1), 127–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01942-5.
Martinsson, O., Billström, K., Broman, C., Weihed, P., and Wanhainen, C., 2016. Metallogeny of the Northern Norrbotten Ore Province, northern Fennoscandian Shield with emphasis on IOCG and apatite-iron ore deposits, Ore Geology Reviews, 78, 447–492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.02.011.
Mehdipour Ghazi, J., Harris, C., Rahgoshay, M., and Moazzen, M., 2019. Combined igneous and hydrothermal source for the Kiruna-type Bafq magnetite-apatite deposit in Central Iran; trace element and oxygen isotope studies of magnetite, Ore Geology Reviews, 105, 590–604. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.01.006.
Mehrabi, B., Karimishahraki, B., Banks, D., Boyce, A., and Yardley, B. W., 2019. Hydrothermal iron oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) mineralization at the Jalal-Abad deposit, northwestern Zarand, Iran, Ore Geology Reviews, 106, 300–317. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.01.019.
Mohseni, S., and Aftabi, A., 2015. Structural, textural, geochemical and isotopic signatures of synglaciogenic Neoproterozoic banded iron formations (BIFs) at Bafq mining district (BMD), Central Iran: The possible Ediacaran missing link of BIFs in Tethyan metallogeny, Ore Geology Reviews, 71, 215–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.05.018.
Mokhtari, M. A. A., Zadeh, G. H., and Emami, M. H., 2013. Genesis of iron-apatite ores in Posht-e-Badam Block (Central Iran) using REE geochemistry, Journal of earth system science, 122(3), 795–807. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-013-0313-z.
Moore, F., and Modabberi, S., 2003. Origin of Choghart iron oxide deposit, Bafq mining district, Central Iran: new isotopic and geochemical evidence, Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, 14(3), 259–269. https://doi.org/https://www.sid.ir/EN/VEWSSID/J_pdf/97320030306.pdf .
Mücke, A., and Younessi, R., 1994. Magnetite-apatite deposits (Kiruna-type) along the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and in the Bafq area, Iran, associated with ultramafic and calcalkaline rocks and carbonatites, Mineralogy and Petrology, 50(4), 219–244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01164607.
Nabatian, G., Ghaderi, M., Corfu, F., Neubauer, F., Bernroider, M., Prokofiev, V., and Honarmand, M., 2014. Geology, alteration, age, and origin of iron oxide–apatite deposits in Upper Eocene quartz monzonite, Zanjan district, NW Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 49(2), pp.217-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-013-0484-1.
Nayebi, N., Esmaeily, D., Chew, D. M., Lehmann, B., and Modabberi, S., 2021. Geochronological and geochemical evidence for multi-stage apatite in the Bafq iron metallogenic belt (Central Iran), with implications for the Chadormalu iron-apatite deposit, Ore Geology Reviews, 132, 104054. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104054 .
NISCO, 1980. Result of search and valuation works at magnetic anomalies of the Bafq iron ore region during 1976-1979, Unpubl Rept, National Iranian Steel Corporation. 260 p.
Nyström, J. O., and Henriquez, F., 1994. Magmatic features of iron ores of the Kiruna type in Chile and Sweden; ore textures and magnetite geochemistry, Economic geology, 89(4), 820–839. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.4.820.
Nyström, J. O., Billström, K., Henríquez, F., Fallick, A. E., and Naslund, H. R., 2008. Oxygen isotope composition of magnetite in iron ores of the Kiruna type in Chile and Sweden. 130(4), 177–188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/11035890809452771.
Ohmoto, H., 1986. Stable isotope chemistry of ore deposits. In: Valley, J.W., Taylor, H.P., O’Neil, J.R. (Editors) Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes, Mineral Soc Am, Rev Mineral 16: 491–559.
Ohmoto, H., and Goldhaber, MB., 1997. Sulfur and carbon isotopes. In: Barnes H.L. (Editor) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 3rd ed. John Wiley, New York, pp 517–611.
Ohmoto, H., and Rye, R.O., 1979. Isotopes of sulfur and carbon. In: Barnes, H.L. (Editor), Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, N.Y., pp. 509—567.
Ramezani, J., and Tucker, R. D., 2003. The Saghand region, central Iran: U-Pb geochronology, petrogenesis and implications for Gondwana tectonics, American journal of science, 303(7), 622–665. https://doi.org/https://ajsonline.org/article/61706.pdf .
Ripley, E., and Ohmoto, H., 1977. Mineralogic, sulfur isotope, and fluid inclusion studies of the stratabound copper deposits at the Raul mine, Peru, Economic geology, 72(6), 1017–1041. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.72.6.1017 .
Rojas, P. A., Barra, F., Reich, M., Deditius, A., Simon, A., Uribe, F., Romero, R., and Rojo, M., 2018. A genetic link between magnetite mineralization and diorite intrusion at the El Romeral iron oxide-apatite deposit, northern Chile, Mineralium Deposita, 53(7), 947–966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0777-x.
Sadeghi Davati, V., Hassanzadeh, J., and Alirezaei, S., 2008. Iron oxide–apatite mineralization of the Bafq district: Spatial, temporal, and geochemical relationship with granitoid magmatism and early Cambrian sedimentary provinces. In: Proceedings of the 26th Earth Sciences Meeting, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Abstracts, pp. xx–xx.
Salazar, E., Barra, F., Reich, M., Simon, A., Leisen, M., Palma, G., Romero, R., and Rojo, M., 2019. Trace element geochemistry of magnetite from the Cerro Negro Norte iron oxide− apatite deposit, northern Chile, Mineralium Deposita, 55(3), 409–428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00879-3.
Samani, B. A., 1988. Metallogeny of the Precambrian in Iran. Precambrian research, 39(1-2), 85–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(88)90053-8.
Samani, B., 1992. Introduction of the Saghand Formation with rift-related facies and its stratigraphic position in the Late Precambrian of Central Iran. Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 3–45. (In Persian).
Sepehrirad, R., 2019. Processes controlling iron oxide–apatite–rare earth element mineralization in the Gazestan deposit, Central Iran. Ph.D. thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, 188 p. (In Persian).
Sharp, Z., 2017. Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 2nd Edition. University of New Mexico. doi:https://doi.org/10.25844/h9q1-0p82.
Sheppard, S. M., 1986. Characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 16(1), 165–183.
Sillitoe, R. H., 2003. Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits: an Andean view. Mineralium Deposita, 38(7), 787–812. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-003-0379-7.
Sillitoe, R. H., and Burrows, D. R., 2002. New field evidence bearing on the origin of the El Laco magnetite deposit, northern Chile. Economic geology, 97(5), 1101–1109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.97.5.1101.
Stöcklin, J., 1971. Stratigraphic Lexicon of Iran, Part I: Central, North and East Iran.
Stosch, H.-G., Romer, R. L., Daliran, F., and Rhede, D., 2011. Uranium–lead ages of apatite from iron oxide ores of the Bafq District, East-Central Iran, Mineralium Deposita, 46(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-010-0309-4.
Tale Fazel, E., and Rostami, M., 2020. Geology, geochemistry, fluid inclusions and O–H stable isotope constraints on genesis of the Lake Siah Fe-oxide±apatite deposit, NE Bafq, Central Iran. Acta Geochimica, 39(6), 920–946. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-020-00405-7.
Taylor Jr, H. P., 1968. The oxygen isotope geochemistry of igneous rocks. Contributions to mineralogy and Petrology, 19(1), 1–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371729.
Taylor, H., 1974. The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition, Economic geology, 69(6), 843–883.
Torab, F. M., 2008. Geochemistry and metallogeny of magnetite apatite deposits of the Bafq mining district, Central Iran. Ph.D. thesis, Univ.-Bibliothek, https://dokumente.ub.tu-clausthal.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/import_derivate_00000406/db108903.pdf.
Torab, F., and Lehmann, B., 2007. Magnetite-apatite deposits of the Bafq district, Central Iran: apatite geochemistry and monazite geochronology, Mineralogical magazine, 71(3), 347–363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2007.071.3.347.
Tornos, F., Velasco, F., and Hanchar, J. M., 2016. Iron-rich melts, magmatic magnetite, and superheated hydrothermal systems: The El Laco deposit, Chile. Geology, 44(6), 427–430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1130/G37705.1.
Troll, V. R., Weis, F. A., Jonsson, E., Andersson, U. B., Majidi, S. A., Högdahl, K., Harris, C., Millet, M.-A., Chinnasamy, S. S., and Kooijman, E., 2019. Global Fe–O isotope correlation reveals magmatic origin of Kiruna-type apatite-iron-oxide ores, Nature communications, 10(1), 1712. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09244-4 .
Valley, J. W., 1986. Stable isotope geochemistry of metamorphic rocks. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 16(1), 445–489.
White, J. D., and Houghton, B., 2006. Primary volcaniclastic rocks. Geology, 34(8), 677–680.https://doi.org/10.1130/G22346.1.
Whitney, D. L., and Evans, B. W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American mineralogist. 95(1):185-187. http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/TOC/Abstracts/2010_Abstracts/Jan10_Abstracts/Whitney_p185_10.pdf.
Williams, P. J., Barton, M. D., Johnson, D. A., Fontboté, L., De Haller, A., Mark, G., Oliver, N. H., and Marschik, R., 2005. Iron oxide copper-gold deposits: Geology, space-time distribution, and possible modes of origin. In. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.13 .
Ziapour, S., Esmaeily, D., Khoshnoodi, K., and Simon, A. C., 2021. Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of the Chahgaz (XIVA Anomaly) Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposit, Bafq district, Central Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 128, 103924. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103924.
Volume 36, Issue 2 - Serial Number 140
Summer 2026, Vol. 36, Issue 2, Serial No. 140
Spring 2026
Pages 103-122