Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences

Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences

Flood on 28th July 2022 Imamzadeh Davood; lessons for understanding the flood risk in the north of Tehran

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors
1 Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran
2 Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
3 Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Heavy rain falls in dray seasons with extreme water flow is one of the important factors in very intense damage to urban areas and agricultural lands of the arid and semi-arid plateaus and highlands. In semi-arid areas such as the southern flank of Alborz Mountain, neglecting the effect of geomorphologic features, (e.g. river truck channel depth, slope, sinuosity, river flood plain width and slope), illegal construction on the river legal boundary, as well as the effect of present-day climate change (change in annual rainfall precipitation and patterns, especially in El Niño conditions), cause environmental hazards such as extreme floods in urban areas. Imamzadeh Davood village is a religious-tourist place in the southern flank of central Alborz. In this research, we investigated the 28th July 2022 Imamzadeh Davood extreme flood controlling factors and their effect on low-stream village (Imamzadeh Davood). We aimed to provide scientific and practical solutions to decrease and prevent the destructive effect of future potential floods.The unusual extreme flood occurred after heavy and sudden rainfall in July (usually the area does not receive any precipitation in this month), causing a large volume of high-density mud flow with highly destructive power in the upper catchment. The large volume of the flood overflowed from the main truck channel and destroyed the buildings on the illegally occupied floodplain of the river.  The overflowed water transported a large amount of mud to the north and south courtyards and the lower floors (place of Tomb) of Imamzadeh. As a result, the flood killed more than 10 people, more than 20 people were injured, and several people were lost. The tomb, building, and pilgrims around the river were also damaged.The investigation of satellite images before and after the flood, and consideration of the geological and structural characteristics of the area based on fieldwork indicate that the funnel shape of the catchment, the narrow river truck channel, the low vegetation cover of the catchment, the exposure of low-consolidated tuff and pyroclastic sediments with high erodible in the large part of the catchment, intense illegal construction on the legal boundary of river, as well as unusual extreme summer rainfall under the effect of Indian monsoon-related tropical cyclone are the main controlling factors ofImamzadeh Davood 2022 flood with large mud-flow discharge.
Keywords

Subjects


Ahang, K.,1995. An introduction to controlling floods and their optimal efficiency. Publication of Forests and Pastures Research Institute, 522 p. (In Persian).
Ahmad Dar, R, Sareer, A., M, Ahakil, A., R., 2018. Influence of Geomorphology and Anthropogenic Activities on Channel Morphology of River Jhelum in Kashmir Valley, NW Himalayas. Journal of Quaternary international. V. 507, 333-341 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.12.014.
Alaei Taleghani, M., and Homayouni, S., 2011. Zoning of Dinor basin in terms of flood production based on geomorphological components, Quarterly Journal of Geographical Research. 1: 37-49 p. (In Persian).
Alijani, B., and Golparinian, T., 2004. Gorgan river flood synoptic patterns. Geographical Quarterly of the land, 1: 2, 1-20 p. (In Persian).
Alishirazi, H., 2021. Flood crisis management by remote sensing data and GIS. Published by Shaperak Sohrkh. 108 p. (In Persian).
Alizadeh-Choobari, O., and Najafi, M.S., 2017. Climate variability in Iran in response to the diversity of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. International Journal of Climatology, 38(11), 4239-4250, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5564.
Amini, B., 1994. Geological map of Tehran 1:100,000. Geological Survey of Iran. (In Persian).
Amirahmadi, A., Behinafar, A., and Ebrahimi, M., 2012. Flood risk micro-zoning in Sabzevar city in the direction of sustainable urban development, Environmental Research Quarterly. 16, 17-33 p. (In Persian).
Ardeshir, A., 2017. Management of surface water collection system and urban flood control. Publication Center of Amirkabir University of Technology. 268 p. (In Persian).
Bermery, M., Radfar, Sh., Nahtanifar, A., and Mahdavi, Gh., 2011. Identification of flood plains and physiographic and quantitative features of Daman catchment using GIS and RS, Geography and Development Quarterly, 22, 129-146 p. (In Persian).
Bhattacharya, A., Mclntosh, K. B., Willis, I.M., and Warner, J. R., 2010. Why Dom34 stimulates growth of cells with defects of 40S ribosomal subunit biosynthesis. Mol Cell Biol 30(23):5562-71.
Bhattacharya, N., 2010. Flood risk assessment in barcelonate, France. Of master, International institute for geo-information science and earth observation enschede (ITC), the Netherlands.
Bukle, P., 2007. Community Based Management: A New Approach to Managing Disasters, Proceeding of ESA Conference, Visions and Divisions, Helsinki, August 28-september 1, pp 364-383.
Chorley, R. J., Schumm, S. A.,  and Sugden, D. E., 1985.  Geomorphology. London; New York : Methuen.
Doyle, J. J., Chappill, J. A., Bailey, C.D., and Kajita, T., 2000. Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of legumes: evidence from rbcL sequences and non-molecular data. In: P. S. Herendeen and A. Bruneau (editors). Advances in Legume Systematics, part 9, pp. 1–20. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,UK.
Esmaeili, R., and Lorestani, Gh., 2015. Evaluation of the effects of urbanization on the geomorphic characteristics of rivers, a case study of Shahr-e- Noor, Mazandaran province. Earth Science Research Journal. 6 (4), 78-93 p. (In Persian).
Farazjo, H., 2003. Evaluation of the impact of vegetation changes on Golestan basin flood hydrograph using GIS and Hec-HMS model. Master's thesis in water management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 176 p. (In Persian).
Ghahroudi Tali, M., Servati, M., Sarafi, M., Pourmousa, M., and Derafshi, Kh., 2012. Evaluation of flood vulnerability in Tehran, Emdad and Nejat Quarterly,3: 71- 92 p. (In Persian).
Ghanavati, A., Karam, A., and Aghaalikhani, M. 2012. Evaluation and flood hazard zone in Farahzad basin (Tehran) using fuzzy model. Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning. N.4, 121- 138 p.  (In Persian).
Hao, Z., Hao, F., Singh, V.P., and Zhang, X., 2018. Quantifying the relationship between compound dry and hot events and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at the global scale, Journal of Hydrology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.022, 2018.
Hardison, E. C., O’Driscoll, M. A., DeLoatech, J. P., Howard, R. J., and Brinson, M. M., 2009. Urban Land Use, Channel Incision, and Water Table Decline along Coastal Plain Streams, North Carolina. Journal of the American water resources association. V. 4, issue 4. 1032-1046 p.
Hooshyaripour, F., Faraji-Ashkavar, S., Koohyian, F., Tang, Q., and Noori, R., 2020. Annual flood damage influenced
by El Niño in the Kan River basin, Iran. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 20(10):2739–2751. https:// doi. org/10. 5194/ nhess- 20- 2739- 2020.
Hooshyaripour, F., and Yazdi, J., 2017. A new methodology for surcharge risk management in urban areas (case study: Gonbad -eKavus city). Water Science and Technology, 75(4), 823-832, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.567, 2017.
Hooshyaripour, F., Tahershamsi, A., and Razi, S., 2017. Dam break flood wave under different reservoir’s capacities and lengths, 30 Sādhanā, 42(9), 1557-1569, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-017-0693-x.
Hoseinzade, M. M., Servati, M.R., Sarafi, M., and Esmaeili, R., 2014. Investigation of geomorphological limitations for the physical development of Kermanshah city. Environmental studies quarterly, 26, 19-38 p. (In Persian).
Ji, X., Xu, Y., Han, L., Yang, L., 2014. Impacts of Urbanization on River System Structure: A Case Study on Qinhai River Basin, Yangtze River Delta. Journal of Water Sci Technol, Ni 70, pp, 671-7.
Kang, R. S., and Marston, R. A., 2006. Geomorphic effects of rural to urban land use conversion on three streams in the central Redbed plains of Oklahoma. Geo- morphology, V. 79, 488-506 p.
Kaveh-Firouz, A., Mohammadi, A., Görüm, T., Sarıkaya, M.A., Alizadeh, H., Akbaş, A., and Mirarabi, A., 2023. Main drivers of drainage pattern development in onshore Makran Accretionary Wedge, SE Iran. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 112(2), pp.539-559.
Khorshiddoost, A. M., and Shirzad, A. A., 2014. Investigation and analysis of precipitation in the north of Iran using cluster analysis and detection function analysis. Scientific-research journal of geography and planning, N. 49, 101-118 p. (In Persian).
Khorshiddoust, A., Rezaei Moghadam, M., Ahmadi, M., and Khaleghi, S., 2011. The role of river geomorphic processes in creating environmental hazards in the city of Sanghar in Kermanshah province.  Geographical Space Quarterly. 35, 209- 234 p. (In Persian).
Lahijani, H., Ghafarian, P., Saleh, A., Kaveh-Firouz, A., Mohammadi, A., Azizpour, J., Sanjani, S., Rezaei, H., and Afarin, M., 2024. Response of shelf waters in the northern Gulf of Oman to the passage of tropical Cyclone Shaheen (2021), Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans (106),101449, Doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2024.101449.
Lak, R., and Judaki, M., 2019. The importance of geosciences in reducing risks related to floods, landslides, erosion and sedimentation. The first biennial national conference on geology of Alborz Mountain and Caspian Sea. (In Persian).
Lei, W., Xu, Y., Yuan, J., Xu, Y., Wang, Q., Xu, X., and Wen, H., 2018. Impacts of Land Use Change on River Systems for a River Network Plain. Journal of Hydrological Processes, No. 30, pp 2401- 2412.
Leng, G., Zhang, X., Huang, M., Asrae, Gh. R., and Leung, L. R., 2016. The role of climate convertibility on crop yields in the conterminous United States. Doi:10.1038/srep33160.
Mehrpartoo, M., 1998. Preliminary investigations of the flood in Masoleh town and the reasons for the aggravation of damages. Geological Survey of Iran. (In Persian).
Mihanparast, A., Sadidi, J., and Karam, A., 2019. Estimation and zoning of flood risk potential in Tehran watershed using fuzzy decision-making model. Journal of Application of Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing in Planning, V.10, N. 3, 106-118 p. (In Persian).
Moghimi, A., and Safari, A., 2010. Geomorphological evaluation of urban development in the territory of surface drainage basins, case study: Tehran metropolis. Journal of Space Planning and Design, V.14, N.1, 1-31 p. (In Persian).
Mohammadi Ostadkelaye, A., Mosaedi, A., and Alaghemand, S., 2007. Investigating the effects of August 2001 flood in East Golestan on the morphology of Madersu River. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Volume 14, Number 1, Special Issue on Natural Resources. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, A., 2023. Aeolian and fluvial processes influence on dust storms of Hormuz Strait and Makran coastal plains (SE Iran); insight from geomorphic landforms, and sediment texture and mineralogy. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 112(7), pp.1973-1987.
Montgomery, D.C., 2001. Design and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Mosaedi, A., 2001. Examining the explanation and description of flood damage parameters in East Golestan, August 2018. University technical report. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 40 p. (In Persian).
Motagh, M., and Akhani, H., 2023. The Cascading failure of check dam systems during the 28 July 2022 Emamzade Davood flood in Iran. Natural Hazarad. Doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05814-4.
Mousavibaeigi, M., and Ashraf, B., 2010. Investigating and studying the profile of vertical air leading to destructive summer rains (case study: Mashhad). Water and soil magazine. V. 24, N.5, 1036-1048 p. (In Persian).
Movahedian, A. 2015. Flood risk zoning in Khuzestan province. Geological Survey of Iran. (In Persian).
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 2016. El Niño and La Niña,  New Zealand.
Noori, R., Karbassi, A.R., Moghaddamnia, A., Han, D., Zokaei-Ashtiani, M.H., Farokhnia, A. and Gousheh, M.G. 2011. Assessment of input variables determination on the SVM model performance using PCA, Gamma test, and forward selection techniques for monthly stream flow prediction. Journal of Hydrology, 401(3-4), 177-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.02.021.
Omidvar, K., Kianfar, A., and Asgari, Sh., 2010. Flood potential zoning of Kanjancham watershed, Quarterly Journal of Natural Geography Research, N 90, 72-73. (In Persian).
Qanbarzade, H., Behnianfar, A., and Saberi tolaei, R., 2015. Risk stratification of drinking water sources in mountain type villages using TOPSIS technique and hierarchical analysis process (Case study: Dehistan Bar Rood, Kashmar city). Journal of research and urban planning. 4: 3, 11-20 p. (In Persian).
Rahimzade, F., and Motedien, A. R.,1988. Tajrish flood report, investigation of effective factors in the destructive power of floods and the possibility of prevention and coping with it. Geological Survey of Iran. 40p. (In Persian).
Rezaei, A., and Fakhim Ahmadi, H., 2005. The magic of nature, El Nino. Tehran: Sahadansh Publications. (In Persian).
Safari, A., Samanpour, F., and Mousavivand, J., 2011. Assessing the vulnerability of urban areas  against flood risk using GIS and fuzzy logic (Case study: District 3 of Tehran), Geographical Sciences Applied Research Quarterly. 20: 129-150 p. (In Persian).
Saghafian, B., Haghnegahdar, A., and Dehghani, M., 2017. Effect of ENSO on annual maximum floods and volume over threshold in the southwestern region of Iran, Hydrological Sciences Journal 62(7), 1039-1049, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2017.1296229.
Servati, M., and Behzad, A., 2011. Estimation of flood potential with emphasis on geomorphic features in two watersheds of Zilki and Firerood using SCS method.  Quarterly Journal of the geography of the land. 33-47 p. (In Persian).
Sheikh, M., and Shahbazi, R., 2022. Preliminary report of floods under Imamzadeh Davood watershed (28th July 2022).  Geological Research center of Iran, Geological Survey of Iran. 1- 8 p. (In Persian).
Smith, A., Stirling, A., and Berkhout, F., 2005. The governance of sustainable socio-technical transitions. Research policy 34, 1491-1510 p.
Sodough, S. H., and Fahim, A., 2014. Geomorphological limitations and physical growth of Tuiserkan city using geographic information systems (GIS) and digital elevation model (DEM). Quarterly Journal of Environmental-based Territorial Planning (JETP), 7 (27), 121- 142 p. (In Persian).
Ward, P.J., Jongman, B., Kummu, M., Dettinger, M.D., Sperna Weiland, F.C., and Winsemius, H.C., 2014. Strong influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation on flood risk around the world, Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences of America (PNAS), 111(44), 15659-15664, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409822111.
Yazdi, J., Salehi Neyshabouri, S.A.A., Niksokhan, M.H., Sheshangosht, S., and Elmi, M., 2013. Optimal prioritisation of watershed management measures for flood risk mitigation on a watershed scale, Journal of Flood Risk Management, 6(4), 372-384, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12016.
Zaharia, L., Ioan- Toroimac, G., Cocos, O.,Gh, F. A., and Milat, E., 2016. Urbanization effects on the river systems in the Bucharest City region (Romania). Journal of ecosystem of health and sustainability. V. 2, issue. 11, 1-19 p.