A. Amini; M. Shahosseini; A. Mohammadi; M. Shahrabi
Abstract
The hypersaline UrmiaLake is the most important intra-continental environment in Iran, with distinctive geological, environmental, and biological, characteristics. The Shahid-Kalantari Highway (under construction) between Urmia and Tabriz cities passes through this lake. Some 14 km dyke is constructed ...
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The hypersaline UrmiaLake is the most important intra-continental environment in Iran, with distinctive geological, environmental, and biological, characteristics. The Shahid-Kalantari Highway (under construction) between Urmia and Tabriz cities passes through this lake. Some 14 km dyke is constructed in the lake for this passage and about 1400 meter is left for a bridge construction. The role of the constructed dyke on sedimentation pattern seems significant, as understood from satellite images and field observations. This study deals with sedimentological characteristics and origin of deposits along the Shahid-Kalantary Highway of UrmiaLake. Availability of 4 cores from boreholes drilled for geotechnical studies provided a good opportunity for this study. This study is carried out on the cores of the 4 boreholes (340 m thick in total) and samples collected from the sea floor along the dyke. Mineralogical, textural and structural characteristics of the sediments were studied for determination of chemical, biological and physical processes responsible for their development. Some 396 plugs from the cores (0.7 to 1 m interval) and 15 samples from the sea floor (cores of 20-40 cm long) were selected for these purposes. To investigate the role of surrounding rivers in providing detritus material to the study site, samples from suspension load of the major feeding rivers are collected. Major characteristics of these samples are studied and compared with those from the study area. All available data on the discharge and sediment load of the major feeding rivers are collected and analyzed for this study. Size and shape are two major textural characteristics investigated in this study using petrographic methods (including SEM). Chemical composition of sediments is studied by petrographic (coarse material) and XRD (fine material and clay minerals) methods. Organic mater, carbonate content, and evaporate portion of the sediments are measured using standard techniques introduced in the literature. Results from this study shows that 25 to 40 % of the studied sediments are derived from the land, through feeding rivers and 60 to 75 % of them are formed within the basin by chemical and biological processes. Quartz, feldspar, volcanic lithics, heavy minerals including pyrite and pyroxene, and clay minerals are major detrital constituents of the sediments. Kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite are common clay minerals in the sediments, which characteristics are similar to those determined in the suspension load of feeding rivers. Some carbonates, as carbonate lithics, and organic material are also found detrital in origin. Gypsum, halite, calcite, and aragonite are the chemical components of the sediments occur as evaporate and mud crusts, or coated grains. Fecal pellets and some coated grains (produced by algae) are the main biological components of the studied sediments. Pyritization of pellets, especially in lower parts of the cores, is commonly observed, so that, pyrite is presented in the sediments both in detrital and diagenetic forms. Distribution pattern of the major constituents along the studied cores reflect the significant role of sea level fluctuation in their development. Results from this study show that the chemical components of sediments developed during the stages of sea level fall, during which the sea was barely receiving sediments from the land (dry periods). The coated grains of this origin were developed in the basin margin, where the wind-induced waves produced a relatively high energy sub-environment in the margin. The biological constituents of the sediments were developed during sea level rise (lower salinity conditions), during which environmental conditions were not suitable for development of chemical sediments. The origin of detrital material is related to the feeding rivers. TalkeRud in the eastern part of the sea had a major role in providing coarse terrigenous particles to the basin. Major characteristics of the detrital quartz, feldspars, pyroxene and volcanic lithics are similar to those find in the volcanic outcrops of the IslamiIsland and TalkeRud alluvial fans. The Shahr Chay, Nazlu Chay, and Barandoz Chay in the west and ZarinehRud and SiminehRud in the south had significant role in providing fine terrigenous (clay minerals) to the studied area.
On the basis of distribution pattern of terrigenous sediments and their ratio to chemical and biological sediments, the feeding rivers around the lake (major suppliers of the terrigenous sediments) are classified into three groups (most, moderate and low effective). This is designed for further investigation on the controls of sediments accumulation along the highway. This study emphasizes on more significant role of chemical and biological processes on the sediments accumulation in the studied area, than that of physical processes. Due to significant role of sea level fluctuation in chemical and biological sediments development, a thorough control on sea level fluctuation (dam construction, artificial evaporation for salt acquisition, and etc.) is vital in this basin. In this regard any program for sedimentation control along the dyke must take greater consideration on chemical and biological deposition.
N. Abbassi; A. H. Amini
Abstract
The Upper Miocene Upper Red Formation in the Evan-e-Key Section is composed of conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones, and thin lenses of evaporates (gypsum). The formation is dominated by gypsiferous mudstones and characterized by fining-up cycles in this area. The whole ...
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The Upper Miocene Upper Red Formation in the Evan-e-Key Section is composed of conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones, and thin lenses of evaporates (gypsum). The formation is dominated by gypsiferous mudstones and characterized by fining-up cycles in this area. The whole formation occurs as a fining upward megasequence, in which the sandy facies dominate the lower half and muddy facies the upper half. Gypsum layers, up to 10 meters thick, are locally observed in the basal part. The formation has suffered an extensive weathering in the region, as a result of which primary features (e.g. sedimentary structures, trace fossils) are partially obscured. In the sandy units of the middle part of the formation some vertebrate footprints are observed, which are locally deformed due to intensive weathering of the rocks. Two types of Carnivoripedida footprints however, are distinguished and described here, so that well preserved Chelipus isp. is related to Felidae. Depositional environments including alluvial fans with abundant debris flows, gravelly bed load braided systems with wide flood plains and local swamps provided a good opportunity for development of the track makers. The transverse and longitudinal bars within the channels, levees, and over-bank sub-environments were found more suitable for development and preservation of the footprints. Comparing with other sections of the formation (e.g. Qum area), desirable climate was found a major control on development of the vertebrate track maker in the Evan-e-key area.
N. Abbassi; A. Amini
Abstract
The Thalassinoides bearing calcareous sandstone and sandy limestones of Oligocene age unconformably overlay the Eocene volcaniclastic rocks and gradually pass into the lacustrine sediments (Miocene? in age) in the study area. These layers are dominated by Thalassinoides ...
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The Thalassinoides bearing calcareous sandstone and sandy limestones of Oligocene age unconformably overlay the Eocene volcaniclastic rocks and gradually pass into the lacustrine sediments (Miocene? in age) in the study area. These layers are dominated by Thalassinoides suevicus (Rieth 1932) in the Y shaped boxwork cylindrical and bifurcating burrows, which are mainly filled actively by trace maker(s). The bioturbations in the layers are categorized into five ichnofabric classes, which are equal to standard ichnofabric indexes of 1 to 5. Frequency of the ichnofabric classes are 40.37, 15.9, 8.85, 4.97 and 29.9 percents, respectively. Ichnofabric variations of the studied layers are arranged in seven bioturbated upward cycles, which are divided into two groups. The first group shows low ichnofabric fluctuations and a constancy in the bioturbation, where the second group shows high ichnofabrics fluctuations and variability in the bioturbation. Results from the study show that the Thalassinoides in the studied section formed in conditions similar to those of Cruziana and Glossifungites ichnofacies.
