Economic Geology
Reza ShakorShahabi; Ali Nouri Qarahasanlou; Seyed Reza Azimi; Adel Mottahedi
Abstract
Despite the undeniable contribution of small-scale and artisanal mines (ASMs) in the mining industry and small-scale enterprises (SMEs), no clear and comprehensive definition has been provided. Each country and governorate have defined this sector. However, ASMs are entirely different from large-scale ...
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Despite the undeniable contribution of small-scale and artisanal mines (ASMs) in the mining industry and small-scale enterprises (SMEs), no clear and comprehensive definition has been provided. Each country and governorate have defined this sector. However, ASMs are entirely different from large-scale mines (LSM). Therefore, collective decision making will not lead to successful results for this sector. A review of previous definitions provided by the various developing countries is a sign of disagreement over a single definition in the first part of the paper. Therefore, in the next section, the objectives of presenting a definition and its effects at different levels for different countries, especially developing countries (Africa, Asia, and Latin America), are examined. Then, the definitions to obtain the main criteria of a single definition were gathered. Apart from this, it should be noted that the presentation of a single definition also depends on internal criteria and inter-organizational interactions to achieve the most appropriate case. Therefore, in the last section, a multi-criteria definition consisting of four elements of mineral characteristics, amount of human resources, amount of investment, and an annual financial statement was presented.
S Veyseh; A Niazi; J Ghassemi
Abstract
In this research, distribution and effect of elements on soil samples in Bahabad, Yazd Province, is presented according to analysis of different elements using ICP-MS, ICP-OES, AF and methods of Geochemometrics. For this purpose, 156 samples were taken from Bahabad, Asfij and Banestan areas and analyzed ...
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In this research, distribution and effect of elements on soil samples in Bahabad, Yazd Province, is presented according to analysis of different elements using ICP-MS, ICP-OES, AF and methods of Geochemometrics. For this purpose, 156 samples were taken from Bahabad, Asfij and Banestan areas and analyzed after sample preparation. In order to investigate distribution of soil samples in the area and the role of effective elements in this distribution, the study was performed in three separate phases, including base elements (Zn, Cu, Sn, Ni, Co, W, Fe, Pb), heavy elements (Cd, Hg, As, Cr, B), and Uranium and Thorium. To explore soil sample distributions, Geochemometrics methods were used, which are defined as computerized, statistical, mathematical and graphical approaches to better understand geoscience data. Therefore, Principal Component Analysis ( PCA), which is a factor analysis method, was used to determine the distribution and effect of elements on samples. It is worth mentioning that some of the most important results of PCA are score and loading of Biplot diagram that are used for proper interpretation of data. Also, K-Nearest Neighbor method (KNN) was used to classify and obtain correlation of the studied elements. Results are applicable to aspects such as Medical Geology, Environmental Geology and Mineral Exploration in order to perform better classification of elements, understanding pollution or mineral sources, and exploring anomalies. Geochemometrics was presented for the first time in this article.
A. R Shafeii; M. R. Ghassemi
Abstract
The present research is aimed at investigation of geometry and kinematics of joints, relationships and temporal and spatial distribution of the joints regarding the two deformational events within the Purkan-Vardij thrust sheet. We also studied the relationships between development of different joint ...
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The present research is aimed at investigation of geometry and kinematics of joints, relationships and temporal and spatial distribution of the joints regarding the two deformational events within the Purkan-Vardij thrust sheet. We also studied the relationships between development of different joint sets and the lithological characteristics of layers of the Karaj Formation. Considering outcrops of volcaniclastic and igneous rocks of variable lithology, we have divided them into five different rock units including thick-bedded to massive tuffs, thin- to medium-bedded tuffs, tuff-shale-sandstone sequence, shale, and igneous units. Joint study was carried out using selection method, and in part using listing method, which are useful for quick survey and statistical purposes. Joint classification was carried out using concentrations of pole to joint planes. We have used the fracture spacing index (FSI), which is an important parameter in controlling morphology and erodibility of the rock units; it is also useful for prediction of joint spacing in other layers and in surrounding areas. These characteristics are useful in road construction, tunneling and other engineering projects. A comparison of the FSI in different rock units indicates that the intrusive bodies and thick-bedded units develop a highly variable FSI with a wide range of spacings, which in most cases due to lower concentration of the joints show lower erodibility as compared to the other rock units, and therefore have more relief in their outcrops. Two major joint sets, J1 and J2, show the highest frequency within the classified joint sets. Both of these sets are of extension joint type, and their strikes indicate the s1 direction during their development. Our study in this research confirms that amount of the strain produced by the joints is very small.
M. J. Valadan Zouj; Y. Rezaei; F. Vaziri; M.R. Mobasheri
Abstract
A considerable portion of potable water in Iran is supplied by natural glaciers, and then the study and protection of these resources are a necessity. This investigation includes the assessment of glacier parameters such as maximum and minimum altitude, area and perimeter, position of snow line and etc. ...
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A considerable portion of potable water in Iran is supplied by natural glaciers, and then the study and protection of these resources are a necessity. This investigation includes the assessment of glacier parameters such as maximum and minimum altitude, area and perimeter, position of snow line and etc. Since direct measurement of these parameters in the field is time consuming and expensive, therefore, some techniques such as remote sensing seem to be more useful and plausible. In this regards, one can deploy different algorithms for detection of the glacier region as well as calculation of relevant important parameters. To achieve this goal, the resolution of satellite images in spatial, spectral and radiometric aspects should be studied and assessed. In this research, satellite images with different resolutions have been used to study the Alam Chal Glacier. Using different satellite images, the glacier parameters have been identified and studied and the most appropriate images which can provide the necessary precision for this task were identified. Also the potentiality of DEM (Digital Elevation Model) in combination with satellite images in order to obtain the glacier geometric elements such as the topography of cirque, maximum and minimum height, the topography of the district and watershed, has been investigated.
B. Tokhmechi; H. Memarian; H. Ahmadi Noubari; B. Moshiri
Abstract
Joint study is one of the primary jobs in many geological, mining, geotechnical and petroleum exploration projects. Up to 10 features of joints are gathered during each field survey, while only two of them (dip and dip direction) are normally used to classify these complex features. This paper proposes ...
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Joint study is one of the primary jobs in many geological, mining, geotechnical and petroleum exploration projects. Up to 10 features of joints are gathered during each field survey, while only two of them (dip and dip direction) are normally used to classify these complex features. This paper proposes a new method for joint set classification which can use more than two surveyed features. A synthetic set of 8 joint set, each joint defined with 4 features (dip, dip direction, type of infilling and amount of infilling), created in a way that with two features (dip and dip direction) sets could not be differentiated. Necessary program developed to use Bayesian classifier to sort 8 synthetic joint sets in 4D space. Present study showed that all 8 sets can be successfully differentiated by using Bayesian method.
