Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
1 Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The Elika Formation forms the major part of the Triassic carbonate sediments in the Alborz basin. In this study, facies and sedimentary environments of this formation were studied in Shahmirzad section whith a thickness of 746 meters and in Zereshk-Darreh section whith a thickness of 756 meters in the southern part of central Alborz. Based on facies studies, four carbonate facies associations (tidal tlat, shoal, lagoon and open marine) have been identified, including twelve carbonate microfacies and have been deposited in a carbonate ramp. Deposition of sediments in this sequence can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, most of vermiculate limestone deposits are composed of bioturbated mudstone and clotted peloidal mudstone. The high frequency of facies such as laminated stromatolite, intraclastic packstone-grainstone and laminated mudstone are characteristic features of the second stage of sedimentation (middle dolomite) and indicate a decrease in the depth of sedimentary environment. In the third stage, the environment was suitable for the expansion of barriers and formation of packstone-grainstone facies.
Keywords
Main Subjects
References
Abbassi, N., Shabanian, R., and Golparvar, R. H., 2015- Environmental impacts on the ichnofossil diversity of the lower part of the Elika Formation (Lower Triassic), Moro Mountain, NW Iran. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, 39, pp.273-280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22099/ijsts.2015.3151.
Adabi, M., 2009- Multistage dolomitization of upper jurassic Mozduran Formation Kopet-Dagh basin, NE Iran. Carbonates and Evaporites, 24, 16-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03228054.
Adabi, M.H., Salehi, M.A. and Ghabeishavi, A., 2010- Depositional environment, sequence stratigraphy and geochemistry of Lower Cretaceous carbonates (Fahliyan Formation), south-west Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39(3), 148-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.03.011.
Adachi, N., Ezaki, Y., and Liu, J., 2004- The origins of peloids immediately after the end-permian extinction, Guizhou Province, South China. Sedimentary Geology, 164(1-2), 161-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.10.007.
Adachi, N., Asada, Y., Ezaki, Y., and Liu, J., 2017- Stromatolites near the Permian–Triassic boundary in Chongyang, Hubei Province, South China: A geobiological window into palaeo-oceanic fluctuations following the end-Permian extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 475, 55-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.01.030.
Bachmann, G. H., 2002- A Lamellibranch-Stromatolite Bioherm in the Lower Keuper (Ladinian, Middle Triassic), South Germany. Facies, 46(1), 83-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02668074.
Badenas, B., and Aurell, M., 2010- Facies models of a shallow-water carbonate ramp based on distribution of non-skeletal grains (Kimmeridgian, Spain). Facies, 56, 89–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-009-0199-z.
Baucon, A., and Carvalho, C.N.D., 2016- Stars of the aftermath: Asteriacites beds from the Lower Triassic of the Carnic Alps (Werfen Formation, Sauris Di Sopra), Italy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 31, 161–176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2015.015.
Brunet, M.F., Wilmsen, M., and Granath, J.W., (eds) 2009- South Caspian to Central Iran Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 312p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP312.1.
Burchette, T.P., and Wright, V.P., 1992- Carbonate ramp depositional systems. Sedimentary Geology, 79(1-4), 3-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90003-A.
Chafetz, H.S., 1986- Marine peloids: a product of bacterially induced precipitation of calcite. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 56, 812–817. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8A58-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D .
Chatalov, A., 2017- Anachronistic and unusual carbonate facies in uppermost Lower Triassic rocks of the western Balkanides, Bulgaria. Facies, 63(4), 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-017-0505-0.
Das, G.K., 2017- Bioturbation Structures. In Tidal Sedimentation of the Sunderban's Thakuran Basin (123-140). Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44191-7_8.
Dunham, R.J., 1962- Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 1, 108-121. http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/carbona2/data/a038/a038/0001/0100/ 0108.htm.
Einsele, G., 2000- Sedimentary Basin, Evolution, Facies and Sediment Budget. (2nd edition), Springer-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756801256234.
Fang, Y., Chen, Z.Q., Kershaw, S., Li, Y., and Luo, M., 2017- An Early Triassic (Smithian) stromatolite associated with giant ooid banks from Lichuan (Hubei Province), South China: Environment and controls on its formation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 486, 108-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.006.
Flugel, E., 2010- Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application, Second Edition, Springer- Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756806221940.
Galfetti, T., Bucher, H., Martini, R., Hochuli, P.A., Weissert, H., Crasquin-Soleau, S., Arnaud Brayard, A., Goudemand, N., Thomas Brühwiler, T., and Guodun, K., 2008- Evolution of Early Triassic outer platform paleoenvironments in the Nanpanjiang Basin (South China) and their significance for the biotic recovery. Sedimentary Geology, 204, 36–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.12.008.
Gattolin, G., Breda, A., and Preto, N., 2013- Demise of Late Triassic carbonate platforms triggered the onset of a tide-dominated depositional system in the Dolomites, Northern Italy. Sedimentary Geology, 297, 38–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.09.005.
Kershaw, S., Crasquin, S., Li, Y., Collin, PY., Forel, M.B., Mu, X.N., Baud, A., Wan, Y., Xie, S.C., Maurer, F., and Li, G., 2012- Microbialites and global environmental change across the Permian–Triassic boundary: a synthesis. Geobiology, 10, 25–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00302.x.
Knaust, D., 2017- Atlas of trace fossils in well core: appearance, taxonomy and interpretation. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49837-9.
Komatsu, T., Naruse, H., Shigeta, Y., Takashima, R., Maekawa, T., Dang, H.T., Dinh, T.C., Nguyen, P.D., Nguyen, H.H., Tanaka, G., and Sone, M., 2014- Lower Triassic mixed carbonate and siliciclastic setting with Smithian–Spathian anoxic to dysoxic facies, An Chau basin, northeastern Vietnam. Sedimentary Geology, 300, 28–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.10.009.
Lasemi, Y., Jahani, D., Amin-Rasouli, H., and Lasemi, Z., 2012- Ancient carbonate tidalites. In Principles of Tidal Sedimentology (pp. 567-607). Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0123-6_21.
Leda, L., Korn, D., Ghaderi, A., Hairapetian, V., Struck, U., and Reimold, V.U., 2014- Lithostratigraphy and carbonate microfacies across the Permian–Triassic boundary near Julfa (NW Iran) and in the Baghuk Mountains (Central Iran). Facies, 60, 295–325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-013-0366-0.
Lefort, A., Lathuiliere, B., Carpentier, C., and Huault, V., 2011- Microfossil assemblages and relative sea-level fluctuations in a lagoon at the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary (Upper Jurassic) in the eastern part of the Paris Basin. Facies, 57(4), 649-662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-010-0259-4.
Liu, S., Wang, J., Yin, F., Xie, T., Hu, S., Guan, X., Zhang, Q., Zhou, C., Cheng, W., and Xu, J., 2017- Early Triassic stromatolites from the Xingyi area, Guizhou Province, southwest China: geobiological features and environmental implications. Carbonates and Evaporites, 32(3), 261-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-016-0318-1.
Luo, M., Shi, G.R., Hu, S., Benton, M.J., Chen, Z.Q., Huang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhou, C., and Wen, W., 2019- Early Middle Triassic trace fossils from the Luoping Biota, southwestern China: Evidence of recovery from mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 515, 6–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.028.
Madden, R.H., Wilson, M.E., Mihaljević, M., Pandolfi, J.M., and Welsh, K., 2017- Unravelling the depositional origins and diagenetic alteration of carbonate breccias. Sedimentary Geology, 357, 33-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.05.002.
Mahari, R., 2012- Sequence Stratigraphy Based on Facies and Sedimentary Environments of Triassic Elika Formation in North of Tabriz, Iran. Life Science Journal, 9(2s), pp.64-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7537/marslsj090212.13.
Masse, J.P., Fenerci, M., and Pernarcic, E., 2003- Palaeobathymetric reconstruction of peritidal carbonates, Late Barremian, Urgonian, sequences of Provence (SE France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 200, 65-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00445-0.
Mercedes-Martín, R., Arenas, C., and Salas, R., 2014- Diversity and factors controlling widespread occurrence of syn-rift Ladinian microbialites in the western Tethys (Triassic Catalan Basin, NE Spain). Sedimentary Geology, 313, 68-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.08.006.
Olivier, N., Fara, E., Vennin, E., Bylund, K.G., Jenks, J.F., Escarguel, G., Stephen, D.A., Goudemand, N., Snyder, D., Thomazo, C., and Brayard, A., 2018- Late Smithian microbial deposits and their lateral marine fossiliferous limestones (Early Triassic, Hurricane Cliffs, Utah, USA). Facies, 64(2), 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-018-0526-3.
Peybernes, C., Chablais, J., and Martini, R., 2015- Upper Triassic (Ladinian?-Carnian) reef biota from the Sambosan Accretionary Complex, Shikoku, Japan. Facies, 61(4), 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-015-0446-4.
Peybernes, C., Chablais, J., Onoue, T., and Martini, R., 2016- Midoceanic shallow water carbonates of the Panthalassa domain: new microfacies data from the Sambosan Accretionary Complex, Shikoku Island, Japan. Facies, 62(4), 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-016-0475-7.
Quijada, I.E., Suarez-Gonzalez, P., Benito, M.I., Lugli, S., and Mas, R., 2014- From carbonate–sulphate interbeds to carbonate breccias: The role of tectonic deformation and diagenetic processes (Cameros Basin, Lower Cretaceous, N Spain). Sedimentary Geology, 312, 76-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.07.006.
Reid, R.P., 1987- Nonskeletal peloidal precipitates in Upper Triassic reefs, Yukon Territory (Canada). Journal of Sedimentary Research, 57, 893–900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8C97-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
Reid, S., Dewing, K., and Sharp, R., 2013- Structural and diagenetic origin of breccias in the carbonate-hosted Polaris Zn–Pb deposit, Nunavut, Canada. Ore Geology Reviews, 55, 110-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.05.003.
Riegl, B., Poiriez, A., Janson, X., and Bergman, KL., 2010- The gulf: facies belts, physical, chemical, and biological parameters of sedimentation on a carbonate ramp. Carbonate depositional systems: assessing dimensions and controlling parameters. Springer, Dordrecht, 145–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9364-6_4.
Rodriguez-Martinez, M., Sanchez, F., Walliser, E.O., and Reitner, J., 2012- An Upper Turonian fine-grained shallow marine stromatolite bed from the Munecas Formation, Northern Iberian Ranges, Spain. Sedimentary Geology, 263–264, 96–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.06.014.
Sano, H., Onoue, T., Orchard, M.J., and Martini, R., 2012- Early Triassic peritidal carbonate sedimentation on a Panthalassan seamount: the Jesmond succession, Cache Creek Terrane, British Columbia, Canada. Facies, 58(1), 113-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-011-0270-4.
Scully, F., 2016- Christmas Tree Stromatolite. Dynamic Paleontology, 1-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22777-1.
Sedighian, A., Vaziri, S.H., Majidifard, M., and Zamani, M., 2016- Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Permian deposits in Sangsar section, North of Semnan, eastern Alborz. Journal of Tethys, 4(1), pp.27-38. DOI: http://jtethys.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2783_482.html
Seyed-Emami, K., 2003- Triassic in Iran. Facies, 48(1), 91-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02667532.
Shukla, M.K., and Sharma, A., 2018- A brief review on breccia: it's contrasting origin and diagnostic signatures. Solid Earth Sciences, 3(2), 50-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sesci.2018.03.001.
Sotouhian, F., 2008- Sequence stratigraphy of the Elika formation at Tash section, Eastern Alborz. Journal of Sciences, University of Tehran, 34(1), pp.61- 69. DOI: https://www.sid.ir/En/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=116869.
Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., and Wu, X., 2015- Triassic (Carnian) hexactinellid-thrombolite reef mounds and oolitic bank complex in NW Sichuan, China. Carbonates Evaporites, 30, 187–205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-014-0203-8.
Wang, T., Burne, R.V., Yuan, A., Wang, Y., and Yi, Z. 2019- The evolution of microbialite forms during the Early Triassic transgression: A case study in Chongyang of Hubei Province, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 519, 209-220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.043.
Wilson, J.L., 1975- Carbonate facies in geologic history. Berlin (Springer). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6383-8.
Wright, V.P., 1992- A revised classification of limestones. Sedimentary Geology, 76(3-4), pp.177-185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90082-3.
Yang, H., Chen, Z.Q., Kershaw, S., Liao, W., Lü, E., and Huang, Y. 2019- Small microbialites from the basal Triassic mudstone (Tieshikou, Jiangxi, South China): Geobiologic features, biogenicity, and paleoenvironmental implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 519, 221-235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.030.
)