Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
1 Department of Petrology, Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Petrology, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The Taftan volcano hosts an extensive volcanic activity during Late Miocene to Quaternary where took place over Makran-Chagai subduction zone. Taftan rocks are mainly basaltic andesite, andesite, trachyandesite, and dacite that occur as lavas and pyroclastic rocks. They are characterized by basic-intermediate inclusions enclosed by acidic groundmass, and disequilibrium textures in plagioclase phenocrysts including sieve texture, zoning, and dissolution margin, which may reflect magma mixing. These rocks record high-K calc-alkaline to calc-alkaline affinity with enrichment in LREE and LILE relative to HREE and HFSE, respectively. These features, coupled with the clear depletion in HFSE (such as Nb, Ta, and Ti) are consistent with typical subduction-related volcanic arcs. Taftan primary melts might have been produced by ~15% partial melting of spinel lherzolite mantle. The normalized multi-element patterns which mimic the upper continental crust values, and enrichment in Pb, Th, U, and Rb agree well with magma evolution by assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC). The available isotopic geochronology dataset reveal that the youngest volcanoes of the Makran-Chagai magmatic arc are Bazman and Kuh-e-Sultan volcanoes. A geochemical comparison of these volcanoes highlights that magmatism in the Taftan where the crust is thick, underwent a higher degree of crustal assimilation en route to the surface.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Abdetedal, M., Shomali, Z.H., and Gheitanchi, M.R., 2014. Crust and upper mantle structures of the Makran subduction zone in South-east Iran by seismic ambient noise tomography. Solid Earth Discussions. 6 (1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-1-2014.
Abdetedal, M., Shomali, Z.H., and Gheitanchi, M.R., 2015. Ambient noise surface wave tomography of the Makran subduction zone,
south-east Iran: Implications for crustal and uppermost mantle structures. Earthquake Science, 28 (4), 235-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-015-0132-1.
Aghanabati, A., 1994. Explanatory text of the Khash quadrangle map on scale 1:250,000. Geological survey of Iran.
Azizi, M., Nasrabadi, A., and Sepahvand, M.R., 2017. Crustal structure beneath the south and southeast Iran using receiver function and Rayleigh waves group velocity dispersion. Iranian Journal of Geophysics, 11, 156-175.
Biabangard, H., and Moradian, A., 2008. Geology and geochemical evaluation of Taftan Volcano, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast of Iran. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 27, 356-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-008-0356-z.
Biabangard, H., and Moradian, A., 2009. Volcanostratigraphy and different stages of explosive of Taftan Volcano. Geosciences, 18 (72), 73-82. https://dx.doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2010.57142.
Boehnke, P., Watson, E. B., Trail, D., Harrison, T. M., and Schmitt, A. K., 2013. Zircon saturation re-revisited. Chemical Geology, 351, 324-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.05.028.
Brouss, P.P., and Moine Vaziri, H., 1980. Le volcanism du kouh-e-Tchah-e-Shahi au nord du Makran (Iran). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 69 (1), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01869033.
Chen, X., Shu, L., Santosh, M., and Zhao, X., 2013. Island arc-type bimodal magmatism in the eastern Tianshan Belt, Northwest China: Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology and implications for the Paleozoic crustal evolution in Central Asia. Lithos, 168-169, 48-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.10.006.
Chiu, H., Chung, S., Zarrinkoub, M.H., Mohammadi, S., Khatib, M.M., and Lizuka, Y., 2013. Zircon U-Pb age constraints from Iran on the magmatic evolution related to Neotethyan subduction and Zagros orogeny. Lithos, 162-163, 70-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.01.006.
Chung, S.L., Wang, K.L., Crawford, A.J., Kamenetsky, V.S., Chen, C.H., Lan, C.Y., and Chen, C.H., 2001. High-Mg potassic rocks from Taiwan: implications for the genesis of orogenic potassic lavas. Lithos 59, 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00067-6.
Çoban, H., Karacık, Z., and Ece, Ö.I., 2012. Source contamination and tectonomagmatic signals of overlapping Early to Middle Miocene orogenic magmas associated with shallow continental subduction and asthenospheric mantle flows in Western Anatolia: A record from Simav (Kütahya) region. Lithos, 140-141, 119-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.12.006.
Dehghani, G.A., and Makris, J., 1983. The gravity field and crustal structure of Iran, Geodynamics geotraverse project in Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report 51, 51-68.
Farhoudi, G., and Karig, D.E., 1977. Makran of Iran and Pakistan as an active arc system. Geology, 5, 664-668. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<664:MOIAPA>2.0.CO;2.
Firouzkouhi, Z., Ahmadi, A., Moinevaziri, H., and Moridi Farimani, A.A., 2018. Crustal assimilation of evolved rocks from Makran volcanic arc, as inferred from Pb isotopes, Proceeding of Symposium on Cenozoic magmatism of Iranian plateau. Geological Survey of Iran.
Gansser, A., 1971. The Taftan volcano (SE Iran). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 64 (2), 319-334.
Ghalamghash, J., Schmitt, A.K., Shiaian, K., Jamal, R., and Chung, S.L., 2019. Magma origins and geodynamic implications for the Makran-Chagai arc from geochronology and geochemistry of Bazman volcano, southeastern Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 171, 289-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.12.006.
Gill, R., 2010. Igneous rocks and processes, a practical guide. A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication, 428p.
Gorton, M. P., and Schandl, E. S., 2000. From continents to island arcs: A geochemical index of tectoni setting for arc-related and within-plate felsic to intermediate volcanic rocks. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 1065-1073. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.38.5.1065.
Hastie, A.R., Ramsook, R., Mitchell, S.F., Kerr, A.C., Millar, I.L., and Mark, D.F., 2010. Geochemistry of compositionally distinct Late Cretaceous back-arc basin lavas: implications for the tectonomagmatic evolution of the Caribbean plate. Journal of Geology, 118, 655-676. https://doi.org/10.1086/656353.
Koralay, T., Kadioglu, Y.K., and Davis, P., 2011. Weak compositional zonation in a silicic magmatic system: Incesu ignimbrite, Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (Kayseri-Turkey). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40, 371-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.05.018.
Le Bas, M.J., Le Maitre, R.W., Strecheisen, A., and Zanettin, B., 1986. A chemical of volcanic rocks classification based on the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of petrology. 27 (3), 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.3.745.
Liu, H.Q., Xu, Y.G., Tian, W., Zhong, Y.T., Mundil, R., Li, X.H., Yang, Y,H., Luo, Z.Y., and Shang-Guan, S.M., 2014. Origin of two types of rhyolites in the Tarim Large Igneous Province: Consequences of incubation and melting of a mantle plume. Lithos, 204, 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.02.007.
McCall, G.J.H., 1997. The geotectonic history of the Makran and adjacent areas of southern Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 15 (6), 517-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-9547(97)00032-9.
Marchev, P., Raicheva, R., Downes, H., Vaselli, O., Chiaradia, M., and Moritz, R., 2004. Compositional diversity of Eocene-Oligocene basaltic magmatism in the Eastern Rhodopes, SE Bulgaria: implications for genesis and tectonic setting. Tectonophysics, 393, 301-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.045.
Nicholson, K.N., Khan, M., and Mahmood, K., 2010. Geochemistry of the Chagai–Raskoh arc, Pakistan: Complex arc dynamics spanning the Cretaceous to the Quaternary. Lithos, 118, 338-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.05.008.
Pang, K., Chung, S., Zarrinkoub, M., Chiu, H., and Li, X., 2014. On the magmatic record of the Makran arc, southeastern Iran: Insights from zircon U-Pb geochronology and bulk-rock geochemistry. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, (15), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005262.
Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins, In: Hawkesworth, C.J., Norry, M.J. (Eds.). Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths, Shiva, Natwich, 230-249.
Pearce, J.A., Bender, J.F., De Long, S.E., Kidd, W.S.F., Low, P.J., Güner, Y., Şaroğlu, F., Yılmaz, Y., Moorbath, S., and Mitchell, J.G., 1990. Genesis of collision volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 44, 189-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(90)90018-B.
Pearce, J.A., and Peate, D.W., 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23, 251-285. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.001343.
Peccerillo, A., and Taylor, S.R., 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58, 63-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384745.
Plank, T., 2005. Constraints from Thorium/Lanthanum on Sediment Recycling at Subduction Zones and the Evolution of the Continents. Journal of Petrology, 46 (5), 921-944. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi005.
Razavi Khosroshahi, S.A.M., 2015. Geology, geochemistry, geochronology, and economic potential of the Taftan volcanic complex, southeastern Iran. Master Thesis, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta, 85p.
Richards, J. P., Spell, T., Rameh, E., Razique, A., and Fletcher, T., 2012. High Sr/Y Magmas Reflect Arc Maturity, High Magmatic Water Content, and Porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au Potential: Examples from the Tethyan Arcs of Central and Eastern Iran and Western Pakistan. Economic Geology, 107 (2), 295-332. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.2.295.
Roy, A., Sarkar, A., Jeyakumar, S., Aggrawal, S.K., and Ebihara, M., 2002. Sm-Nd age and mantle source characteristics of the Dhanjori volcanic rocks, Eastern India. Geochemical Journal, 36, 503-518. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.36.503.
Rudnick, R.L., and Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the continental crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, 1-64.
Saadat, S., Stern, C.R., 2011. Petrochemistry and genesis of olivine basalts from small monogenetic parasitic cones of Bazman stratovolcano, Makran arc, southeastern Iran. Lithos, 125, 607-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.03.014.
Shakeri, A., Moore, F., and Kompani-Zare, M., 2008. Geochemistry of the thermal springs of Mount Taftan, southeastern Iran. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 178, 829-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.001.
Siddiqui, R.H., Khan, M.A., Qasim Jan, M., and Ogasawara, M., 2009. Petrogenesis of Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from the Chagai arc, Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 42, 1-24.
Siebert, L., and Simkin, T., 2002. Volcanoes of the World: An illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions. Smithsonian Institution, global volcanism program digital information series, Gvp-3. (http://www.volcano.si.edu/world).
Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (Eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 42, 313-345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19.
Sun, W.D., Ling, M.X., Chung, S.L., Ding, X., Yang, X.Y., Liang, H.Y., Fan, W.M., Goldfarb, R., and Yin, Q.Z., 2012. Geochemical constraints on adakites of different origins and copper mineralization. Journal of Geology, 120, 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1086/662736.
Temel, A., Gündoğdu, M.N., and Gourgaud, A. 1998. Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K calc-alkaline volcanism in Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 327-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00062-6.
Tatsumi, Y., Hamilton, D.L., and Nesbitt, R.W., 1986. Chemical characteristics of fluid phase released from a subducted lithosphere and origin of arc magmas: evidence from highpressure experiments and natural rocks. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 29, 293-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(86)90049-1.
Wang, B., Shu, L.S., Cluzel, D., Faure, M., and Charvet, J., 2007. Geochemical constraints on Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Yili Block (Xinjiang, NW China): Implication for the tectonic evolution of Western Tianshan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 291, 148-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.02.008.
Wood, D.A., 1980. The application of Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50, 11-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90116-8.
Zarifi, Z., 2006. Unusual subduction zones: case studies in Colombia and Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bergen, Norway.
Abdetedal, M., Shomali, Z.H., and Gheitanchi, M.R., 2015. Ambient noise surface wave tomography of the Makran subduction zone,
south-east Iran: Implications for crustal and uppermost mantle structures. Earthquake Science, 28 (4), 235-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-015-0132-1.
Aghanabati, A., 1994. Explanatory text of the Khash quadrangle map on scale 1:250,000. Geological survey of Iran.
Azizi, M., Nasrabadi, A., and Sepahvand, M.R., 2017. Crustal structure beneath the south and southeast Iran using receiver function and Rayleigh waves group velocity dispersion. Iranian Journal of Geophysics, 11, 156-175.
Biabangard, H., and Moradian, A., 2008. Geology and geochemical evaluation of Taftan Volcano, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast of Iran. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 27, 356-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-008-0356-z.
Biabangard, H., and Moradian, A., 2009. Volcanostratigraphy and different stages of explosive of Taftan Volcano. Geosciences, 18 (72), 73-82. https://dx.doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2010.57142.
Boehnke, P., Watson, E. B., Trail, D., Harrison, T. M., and Schmitt, A. K., 2013. Zircon saturation re-revisited. Chemical Geology, 351, 324-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.05.028.
Brouss, P.P., and Moine Vaziri, H., 1980. Le volcanism du kouh-e-Tchah-e-Shahi au nord du Makran (Iran). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 69 (1), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01869033.
Chen, X., Shu, L., Santosh, M., and Zhao, X., 2013. Island arc-type bimodal magmatism in the eastern Tianshan Belt, Northwest China: Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology and implications for the Paleozoic crustal evolution in Central Asia. Lithos, 168-169, 48-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.10.006.
Chiu, H., Chung, S., Zarrinkoub, M.H., Mohammadi, S., Khatib, M.M., and Lizuka, Y., 2013. Zircon U-Pb age constraints from Iran on the magmatic evolution related to Neotethyan subduction and Zagros orogeny. Lithos, 162-163, 70-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.01.006.
Chung, S.L., Wang, K.L., Crawford, A.J., Kamenetsky, V.S., Chen, C.H., Lan, C.Y., and Chen, C.H., 2001. High-Mg potassic rocks from Taiwan: implications for the genesis of orogenic potassic lavas. Lithos 59, 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00067-6.
Çoban, H., Karacık, Z., and Ece, Ö.I., 2012. Source contamination and tectonomagmatic signals of overlapping Early to Middle Miocene orogenic magmas associated with shallow continental subduction and asthenospheric mantle flows in Western Anatolia: A record from Simav (Kütahya) region. Lithos, 140-141, 119-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.12.006.
Dehghani, G.A., and Makris, J., 1983. The gravity field and crustal structure of Iran, Geodynamics geotraverse project in Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report 51, 51-68.
Farhoudi, G., and Karig, D.E., 1977. Makran of Iran and Pakistan as an active arc system. Geology, 5, 664-668. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<664:MOIAPA>2.0.CO;2.
Firouzkouhi, Z., Ahmadi, A., Moinevaziri, H., and Moridi Farimani, A.A., 2018. Crustal assimilation of evolved rocks from Makran volcanic arc, as inferred from Pb isotopes, Proceeding of Symposium on Cenozoic magmatism of Iranian plateau. Geological Survey of Iran.
Gansser, A., 1971. The Taftan volcano (SE Iran). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 64 (2), 319-334.
Ghalamghash, J., Schmitt, A.K., Shiaian, K., Jamal, R., and Chung, S.L., 2019. Magma origins and geodynamic implications for the Makran-Chagai arc from geochronology and geochemistry of Bazman volcano, southeastern Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 171, 289-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.12.006.
Gill, R., 2010. Igneous rocks and processes, a practical guide. A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication, 428p.
Gorton, M. P., and Schandl, E. S., 2000. From continents to island arcs: A geochemical index of tectoni setting for arc-related and within-plate felsic to intermediate volcanic rocks. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 1065-1073. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.38.5.1065.
Hastie, A.R., Ramsook, R., Mitchell, S.F., Kerr, A.C., Millar, I.L., and Mark, D.F., 2010. Geochemistry of compositionally distinct Late Cretaceous back-arc basin lavas: implications for the tectonomagmatic evolution of the Caribbean plate. Journal of Geology, 118, 655-676. https://doi.org/10.1086/656353.
Koralay, T., Kadioglu, Y.K., and Davis, P., 2011. Weak compositional zonation in a silicic magmatic system: Incesu ignimbrite, Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (Kayseri-Turkey). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40, 371-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.05.018.
Le Bas, M.J., Le Maitre, R.W., Strecheisen, A., and Zanettin, B., 1986. A chemical of volcanic rocks classification based on the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of petrology. 27 (3), 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.3.745.
Liu, H.Q., Xu, Y.G., Tian, W., Zhong, Y.T., Mundil, R., Li, X.H., Yang, Y,H., Luo, Z.Y., and Shang-Guan, S.M., 2014. Origin of two types of rhyolites in the Tarim Large Igneous Province: Consequences of incubation and melting of a mantle plume. Lithos, 204, 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.02.007.
McCall, G.J.H., 1997. The geotectonic history of the Makran and adjacent areas of southern Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 15 (6), 517-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-9547(97)00032-9.
Marchev, P., Raicheva, R., Downes, H., Vaselli, O., Chiaradia, M., and Moritz, R., 2004. Compositional diversity of Eocene-Oligocene basaltic magmatism in the Eastern Rhodopes, SE Bulgaria: implications for genesis and tectonic setting. Tectonophysics, 393, 301-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.045.
Nicholson, K.N., Khan, M., and Mahmood, K., 2010. Geochemistry of the Chagai–Raskoh arc, Pakistan: Complex arc dynamics spanning the Cretaceous to the Quaternary. Lithos, 118, 338-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.05.008.
Pang, K., Chung, S., Zarrinkoub, M., Chiu, H., and Li, X., 2014. On the magmatic record of the Makran arc, southeastern Iran: Insights from zircon U-Pb geochronology and bulk-rock geochemistry. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, (15), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005262.
Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins, In: Hawkesworth, C.J., Norry, M.J. (Eds.). Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths, Shiva, Natwich, 230-249.
Pearce, J.A., Bender, J.F., De Long, S.E., Kidd, W.S.F., Low, P.J., Güner, Y., Şaroğlu, F., Yılmaz, Y., Moorbath, S., and Mitchell, J.G., 1990. Genesis of collision volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 44, 189-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(90)90018-B.
Pearce, J.A., and Peate, D.W., 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23, 251-285. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.001343.
Peccerillo, A., and Taylor, S.R., 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58, 63-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384745.
Plank, T., 2005. Constraints from Thorium/Lanthanum on Sediment Recycling at Subduction Zones and the Evolution of the Continents. Journal of Petrology, 46 (5), 921-944. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi005.
Razavi Khosroshahi, S.A.M., 2015. Geology, geochemistry, geochronology, and economic potential of the Taftan volcanic complex, southeastern Iran. Master Thesis, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta, 85p.
Richards, J. P., Spell, T., Rameh, E., Razique, A., and Fletcher, T., 2012. High Sr/Y Magmas Reflect Arc Maturity, High Magmatic Water Content, and Porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au Potential: Examples from the Tethyan Arcs of Central and Eastern Iran and Western Pakistan. Economic Geology, 107 (2), 295-332. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.2.295.
Roy, A., Sarkar, A., Jeyakumar, S., Aggrawal, S.K., and Ebihara, M., 2002. Sm-Nd age and mantle source characteristics of the Dhanjori volcanic rocks, Eastern India. Geochemical Journal, 36, 503-518. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.36.503.
Rudnick, R.L., and Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the continental crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, 1-64.
Saadat, S., Stern, C.R., 2011. Petrochemistry and genesis of olivine basalts from small monogenetic parasitic cones of Bazman stratovolcano, Makran arc, southeastern Iran. Lithos, 125, 607-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.03.014.
Shakeri, A., Moore, F., and Kompani-Zare, M., 2008. Geochemistry of the thermal springs of Mount Taftan, southeastern Iran. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 178, 829-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.001.
Siddiqui, R.H., Khan, M.A., Qasim Jan, M., and Ogasawara, M., 2009. Petrogenesis of Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from the Chagai arc, Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 42, 1-24.
Siebert, L., and Simkin, T., 2002. Volcanoes of the World: An illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions. Smithsonian Institution, global volcanism program digital information series, Gvp-3. (http://www.volcano.si.edu/world).
Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (Eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 42, 313-345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19.
Sun, W.D., Ling, M.X., Chung, S.L., Ding, X., Yang, X.Y., Liang, H.Y., Fan, W.M., Goldfarb, R., and Yin, Q.Z., 2012. Geochemical constraints on adakites of different origins and copper mineralization. Journal of Geology, 120, 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1086/662736.
Temel, A., Gündoğdu, M.N., and Gourgaud, A. 1998. Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K calc-alkaline volcanism in Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 327-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00062-6.
Tatsumi, Y., Hamilton, D.L., and Nesbitt, R.W., 1986. Chemical characteristics of fluid phase released from a subducted lithosphere and origin of arc magmas: evidence from highpressure experiments and natural rocks. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 29, 293-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(86)90049-1.
Wang, B., Shu, L.S., Cluzel, D., Faure, M., and Charvet, J., 2007. Geochemical constraints on Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Yili Block (Xinjiang, NW China): Implication for the tectonic evolution of Western Tianshan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 291, 148-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.02.008.
Wood, D.A., 1980. The application of Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50, 11-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90116-8.
Zarifi, Z., 2006. Unusual subduction zones: case studies in Colombia and Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bergen, Norway.
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