Document Type : Original Research Paper
Author
Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Mining, Civil and Chemistry Engineering, Birjand University of Technology, Birjand, Iran
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a field study aiming to describe and to interpret origin of the vein network in the south of Birjand. Adjacent to Birjand ophiolite in eastern Iran, the Paleocene-Eocene flysch facies was deposited in the Birjand foreland area concomitant with the Alpine orogeny (Laramide). The sandstone unit of this facies contain two orthogonal sets of quartzite veins. The N310-340 striking veins (set 1) are arranged parallel to the Bagheran Kuh range front and perpendicular to the vein set 2 (N215-240). The paleostress reconstruction in the Paleocene-Eocene shows that the regional compression direction N240 is perpendicular to the Bagheran Kuh range front. Structurally, to create orthogonal veins, σ1 should be perpendicular to the layering and σ2 and σ3 should be horizontal. This situation was created in the middle Eocene-Oligocene. The post-collision extensions of this period caused a decrease in regional pressure in the region. As a resault, the maximum principal stress (σ1), was changed to a vertical state and intermediate stress (σ2) was parallel to the orogenic pressure. In these conditions, orthogonal tensile openings (state I) were formed as a result of the local inversion of stress and fluid pressure in the flysch facies.
Keywords
Main Subjects
خطیب، م. م. و زرین‌کوب، م. ح.، 1385، تحلیل پارینه تنش در پهنه برشی زیروجی بر اساس نسبت طول به پهنای شکستگیهای کششی (جنوب بیرجند)، دهمین همایش انجمن زمین‌شناسی ایران. https://civilica.com/doc/28478
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موسوی، س.م.، علوی، س.ا. و خطیب، م.م.، 1389، تفکیک فازهای تنش دیرین به روش برگشتی از صفحه‌های گسلی در منطقه جنوب بیرجند. فصلنامه زمین‌شناسی ایران، بهار 1389، سال چهارم، شماره 13، ص 38-27. https://sid.ir/paper/129294/fa
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عزتی، م.، غلامی، ا. و موسوی، س. م.، 1398، بازسازی مراحل اعمال تنش دیرین درکوههای شکراب واقع در زون زمیندرز سیستان. فصلنامه زمین‌ساخت، تابستان 1398، سال سوم، شماره 10، ص 57-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22077/jt.2020.1434
علیمی، م. ا.، 1401، تحلیل الگوهای دگرشکلی بر اساس آرایه‌های رگهای سیگموییدال در پهنه برشی بهلگرد. فصلنامه علوم زمین، بهار 1401، سال سی و دوم، شماره 123، ص. 102-89، https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2021.277344.1895
موسوی، س.م.، علوی، س.ا. و خطیب، م.م.، 1389، تفکیک فازهای تنش دیرین به روش برگشتی از صفحه‌های گسلی در منطقه جنوب بیرجند. فصلنامه زمین‌شناسی ایران، بهار 1389، سال چهارم، شماره 13، ص 38-27. https://sid.ir/paper/129294/fa
نعیمی‌قصابان، ن.، خطیب، م. م.، قاسمی رزوه، ط.، نظری، ح. و هیهات، م. ر.، 1395، تحلیل هندسی، جنبشی و تعیین متغیرهای واتنش بر پایه رگههای کششی سیگموییدال در پهنه برشی بوشاد. فصلنامه علوم زمین، تابستان 1395، سال بیست و پنجم، شماره 100، ص46-37. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2016.40687
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Berghauer, S., and Pollard, D.D., 2004. A new conceptual fold-fracture model including prefolding joints, based on the Emigrant Gap anticline, Wyoming, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 116 (3-4), 294-307. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25225.1.
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Camp, V.E., and Griffis, R.J., 1982. Character, genesis and tectonic setting of igneous rocks in the Sistan suture zone, eastern Iran, Lithos, 15, 221–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90014-7.
Carey, S.W., 1955. The orocline concept in geotectonics- Part I, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 89, 255–288. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/13965.
De Joussineau, G., Bazalgette, L., Petit, J.P., and Lopez, M., 2005. Morphology, intersections, and syn/late-diagenetic origin of vein networks in pelites of the Lodève Permian Basin, Southern France, Journal of Structural Geology, 27(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.06.016.
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Fossen, H., Carolina, G., and Cavalcante, G., 2017. Shear zones - A review, Earth-Science Reviews 171 (2017) 434–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.05.002.
Ghodsi, M.R., Boomeri, M., Bagheri, S., and Ishiyama, D., 2016. Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb age, and tectonic constraints on the Bazman granitoid complex, Southeast Iran, Turkish journal of earth sciences, 25(4), 311–340. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1509-3.
Guition, M., Sassi, W., Leroy, Y., and Gauthier, B., 2003. Mechanical constraints on the chronology of fracture activation in the folded Devonian sandstone of the western Moroccan Anti-Atlas, Journal of Structural Geology, 25(8), 1317-1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00155-4.
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Lisle, R. J., 2013. Shear zone deformation determined from sigmoidal tension gashes, Journal of Structural Geology, 50, 35-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.08.002.
Lorenz, J.C., Teufel, L.W., and Warpinski, N.R., 1991. Regional fractures I: A mechanism for the formation of regional fractures at depth in flat-lying reservoirs, American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin, 75(11), 1714- 1737. https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B29E3-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
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Berberian, M., and King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(2), 210-265. https://doi.org/10.1139/e81-019.
Berghauer, S., and Pollard, D.D., 2004. A new conceptual fold-fracture model including prefolding joints, based on the Emigrant Gap anticline, Wyoming, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 116 (3-4), 294-307. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25225.1.
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Bons, P.D., Marlina, A.E., and Rivas, E.G., 2012. A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures, Journal of Structural Geology, 43, 33-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.005.
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Camp, V.E., and Griffis, R.J., 1982. Character, genesis and tectonic setting of igneous rocks in the Sistan suture zone, eastern Iran, Lithos, 15, 221–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90014-7.
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De Joussineau, G., Bazalgette, L., Petit, J.P., and Lopez, M., 2005. Morphology, intersections, and syn/late-diagenetic origin of vein networks in pelites of the Lodève Permian Basin, Southern France, Journal of Structural Geology, 27(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.06.016.
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Eckert, A., Connolly, P., and Liu, X., 2014. Large-scale mechanical buckle fold development and the initiation of tensile fractures, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(11), 4570–4587, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005502.
Eftekhar Nezhad, J., Ohanian, T., Tatevosian, S., Manouchehri, M., Afaghi, A., Hosseini, Z., Qomashi, A., Afsharian Zadeh, A., and Etemadi, N., 1986. Geological Map of Birjand, Scale: 1:100,000, Geological Survey of Iran.http://dge.mshdiau.ac.ir/images/download/geologymap/Downlodmap/birjand%20map.jpg.
Engelder, T., and Geiser, P., 1980. On the use of regional joint sets as trajectories of paleostress fields during the development of the Appalachian Plateau, New York, Journal of Geophysical Research, 85, 6319-6341. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB11p06319.
Ezati, M., Gholami, E., and Moussavi, S.M., 2019. Reconstruction of the steps of applied paleostress in Shekarab Mountains located in Sistan suture zone, Tectonics Journal, 10, 57-69. doi: 10.22077/jt.2020.1434. (In Persian)
Fossen, H., Carolina, G., and Cavalcante, G., 2017. Shear zones - A review, Earth-Science Reviews 171 (2017) 434–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.05.002.
Ghodsi, M.R., Boomeri, M., Bagheri, S., and Ishiyama, D., 2016. Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb age, and tectonic constraints on the Bazman granitoid complex, Southeast Iran, Turkish journal of earth sciences, 25(4), 311–340. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1509-3.
Guition, M., Sassi, W., Leroy, Y., and Gauthier, B., 2003. Mechanical constraints on the chronology of fracture activation in the folded Devonian sandstone of the western Moroccan Anti-Atlas, Journal of Structural Geology, 25(8), 1317-1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00155-4.
Hancock, P.L., and Bevan, T.G., 1987. Brittle modes of foreland extension, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28, 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.10.
Karimpour, M.H., Stern, C.R., Farmer, L., Saadat, S., and Malekezadeh, A., 2011. Review of age, Rb-Sr geochemistry and petrogenesis of Jurassic to Quaternary igneous rocks in Lut Block, Eastern Iran, Geopersia 1, 19–36. https://doi.org/10.22059/JGEOPE.2011.22162.
Khatib, M.M., and Zarrinkoub, M.H., 2006. Analysis of paleostress in Zirooji shear zone based on the ratio of length to width of tensile fractures (south of Birjand), 10th Conference of Geological Society of Iran (In Persian)
Lisle, R. J., 2013. Shear zone deformation determined from sigmoidal tension gashes, Journal of Structural Geology, 50, 35-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.08.002.
Lorenz, J.C., Teufel, L.W., and Warpinski, N.R., 1991. Regional fractures I: A mechanism for the formation of regional fractures at depth in flat-lying reservoirs, American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin, 75(11), 1714- 1737. https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B29E3-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Maeder, X., Passchier, C.W., and Trouw, R.A.J., 2014. Complex vein systems as a data source in tectonics: An example from the Ugab Valley, NW Namibia, Journal of Structural Geology, 62, 125-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.01.011.
Maltman, A.J., 1988. The importance of shear zones in naturally deformed wet sediments, Tectonophysics. 145(1-2), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90324-1.
Mitchell, A.H.G., and Reading, H.G., 1978. Sedimentation and tectonics. In: H.G. Reading (Editor), Sedimentary Environments and Facies. Cambridge University Press, 439-476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800044113.
Moussavi, S.M., Alavi, S.A., and Khatib, M.M., 2010. Segregation of paleostress phases by reverse method from fault planes in south Birjand region, quarterly Iranian Journal of Geology. Spring 2022, Year 4(13), 27-38. (In Persian)
Naimi-ghassabian, N., Khatib, M.M., Ghasemi Rozveh, T., Nazari, H., and Heyhat, M.R., 2016. Analysis of geometric and kinematic parameters of strain on the open gash veins with in the Boushad shear zone (Birjand Ophiolithic Melange, Eastern Iran), Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences. Summer 2016, Year 25(100), 37-46. doi: 10.22071/gsj.2016.40687. (In Persian)
Narr, W., and J.B., Currie, 1982. Origin of Fracture Porosity-Example from Altamont Field, Utah, American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin, 66(9), 1231–1247. https://doi.org/10.1306/03B5A782-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Pang, K.N., Chung, S.L., Zarrinkoub, M.H., Lin, Y.C., Lee, H.Y., Lo, C.H., and Khatib, M.M., 2013. Iranian ultrapotassic volcanism at 11 Ma signifies the initiation of post collisional magmatism in the Arabia–Eurasia collision zone, Terra Nova, https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12050.
Pang, K.N., Chung, S.L., Zarrinkoub, M.H., Mohammadi, S.S., Yang, H.M., Chu, C.H., Lee, H.Y., and Lo, C.H., 2012. Age, geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic intraplate alkali basalts in the Lut–Sistan region, eastern Iran, Chemical Geology, 306–307, 40–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.02.020.
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