Document Type : Original Research Paper

Author

Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch

Abstract

The Farrokhi Formation is the youngest sedimentary unit in Upper Cretaceous of Khur and Biabanak area. Its lithology is mainly consists of limestone, marl, marly limestone with intercalations of fossiliferous limestone. For environmental interpretation of this formation, 23 specimens of marly beds are sampled and washed.. The study led to identification of 23 genera and 29 specious of ostracods. More than 87% of determined Ostracods have straight shell, without any ornamentation and connected to each other. It is concluded that the high rate in sedimentation led to well preservation of this fauna. According to the determined Ostracods, four ecofacies "i.e. littoral, inner neritic, outer neritic and outer neritic with low to high salinity and warm" are identified for the marly beds under study.

Keywords

References
Aistov, L., Melnikov, B., Krivyakin, B., Morozov, L. and Kiristaev, V., 1984- Geology of the Khur Area (Central Iran). Explanatory Text of the Khur Quadrangle Map1:250.000, V/O Technoexport Report 20, pp. 1e130.
Al- Shareefi, I. Y., Khalaf, S. K. and Al-Eisa, M. A., 2010. Paleoecology of some Upper Cretaceous Formations from Selected Wells Northwest and Middle Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol.10(2), pp. 67-96.
Al- Sheikhly, S. S. and Kamil, A. I., 2016- Ostracoda as a paleoecological indicators for the Maastrichtian – Upper Eocene succession in North and Western Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science,Vol  57(2B), pp. 1227-1237.
Allameh, M. and Taherpour Khalil Abad, M., 2014- Systematic Interpretation Of Silicified Specimens of Upper Cretaceous Echinocorys ex. gr. scutata (Leske, 1778), Farokhi Formation, Central Iran. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, Vol. 25(3), pp. 237 – 251.
Bassiouni, M. A. and Luger, P., 1990- Maastrichtian to Early Eocene Ostracoda from Southern Egypt, Palaeontology, Paleoecology, Paleobiogeography and Biostratigraphy. Berliner Geowiss. Abh. (A) 120 (2), pp. 755- 928.
Benson, R. H. and Sylvester-Bradley, P., 1971- Deep-sea Ostracodes and the transformation of ocean to sea in the Tethys. Bulletin du centre de recherches de Pau, Vol. 5, pp. 63-91.
Bless, M. J. M., 1989- Event – Induced changes in Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene ostracode assemblages of the se Netherlands and Belgium. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, T. 112(facicule 1)- 1989, pp. 19-30.
Casier, J. G., 1988- Les Ostracodes des sédiments envasants du récif de la Carrière Beauchâteau, à Senzeilles (partie supérieure du Frasnien, Bassin de Dinant). Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belgique, Sc. de la terre, Vol. 58, pp. 79-87.
Caus, E., Tambareau, Y., Colin, J. P. and Aguilar, M., 2002- Upper Cretaceous microfauna of the Cardenas Formation, San Luis Potosi, NE Mexico, Biostratigraphical, Palaeoecological, and Palaeogeographical significance, Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, Vol. 19, pp. 137-144.
Ceolin, D., Fauth, G. and Coimbra, J. C., 2011- Cretaceous–Lower Paleogene ostracods from the Pelotas Basin, Brazil, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. international journal of palaeontology and stratigraphy, Vol. 91, pp. 111-128.
EL-Nady, H., Abu-Zied, R. and Ayyad, S., 2008- Cenomanian- Maastrichtian Ostracods from Gabal Arif EL-Naga anticline, Eastern Sinai, Egypt. Revue de Paleobiologie, Geneve, Vol. 27 (2), pp. 533- 573.
Esker, G. L., 1968- Danian ostracodes from Tunisia. Micropaleontology,New York,Vol.14(3), pp. 319-333.
Freiwald, A. and Mostafawi, B. N., 1998- Ostracods in a cold-temperate coastal environment western Troms, northern Norrway: Sedimentary aspect and assemblages. Facies, Vol. 38, pp. 255-274.
Frogley, M. R., Griffiths, H. I. and Martens, K., 2002- Modern and Fossils Ostracods From Ancient Lakes. The Ostracoda: Applications in Quaternary Research , Geophysical Monograph, pp.167-184.
Gebhardt, H., 1999- Uccurrence and paleoecology of Cenomanian to Turonian ostracods from Ashaka (NE Nigeria).- Neues Jaharbuch fur Geologie and Paleontologie, Abbandlungen, Vol. 211(3), pp.133-150.
Gebhardt, H. and Zorn, I., 2008- Cenomanian ostracods of  the Tarfaya upwelling region (Morocco) as palaeoenvironmental indicators. Revue de micropaleontologie, Vol. 51, pp. 273-286.
Guernet, C., Bourdillon, C. and Roger, J., 1991- Palaeogene Ostracods of Dohofar (Oman) Stratigraphical and Paleogeographical Implicatin. Reveue de Micropaleontologie, Vol. 34(4), pp. 297-311.
Hartmann, G. and Puri, H. S., 1974- Summary neontological and palaeontological classification of ostracoda. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgishcen Zoologishchen Museum und Institut, Vol. 70, pp. 7–73.
Hazel, J. E. and Brouwers, E. M., 1982- Biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic distribution of ostracodes in the Coniacian-Maastrichtian (Austinian-Navarroan) in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province. Texas Ostracoda; Guidebook of Excursions and Related Papers for the Eighth International Symposium on Ostracoda: Houston, Texas, University of Houston, Departament of Geosciences, pp. 166-198.
Ishizaki, K. and Irizuki, T., 1990- Distribution of Bathyal Ostracodes in Sediments of Toyama Bay, Central Japan. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Vol. 123, pp. 53-67.
Khalaf, S. K. and Aziz, N. M., 2009- On Some Species Of  The Ostracode Genera Cytherella, Bairdia and Bairdoppilata From Avanah Formation , Dohuk Area, Northern Iraq. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, Vol. 14 (3), pp. 1813–1662.
Luger, P., 2003- Paleobiogeography of late Early Cretaceous to Early Paleocene marine Ostracoda in Arabia and North to Equatorial Africa. Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology, Vol.196, pp. 319-342.
Majoran, S., Kucera, M. and Widmark, J. G. V., 1998- Maastrichtian Deep-Sea Ostracods from  DSDP/ ODP Sites 327, 356, 525, 527, 528,  529 and 698 in the South Atlantic. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia, Vol. 30(3), pp. 59- 73.
Monostori, M. and Ephraim, G., 1985- Eocene Ostracoda from the Dorog Basin (Northern Transdanubia, Hungary). Akademiai kiado, Budapest, 213p.
Moore, R. C., 1961- Treatise on invertebrate paleontology , Part Q, Arthropoda; 3, Crustacea, Osteracoda. Geological. Society of America and Univ. Kansas, 422 p.
Morsi, A. M., Faris, M., Zalat, A. E. and Salem, R., 2008- Maastrichtian-Early Eocene ostracodes from west-central Sinai, Egypt taxonomy, biostratigraphy, paleoecology and paleobiogeography. Revue de Paléobiologie, Vol. 27 (1), pp. 159-189
Neale, J. W., 1964- Some factors influencing the distribution of Recent British Ostracoda. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zooligica di Napoli, Vol. 33, pp. 247-307.
Neale, J. W., 1977-  Cretaceous ostracoda of the North Atlantic Basin. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Vol. 6, pp. 245-270.‏
Peterson, R. M. and Kaesler, R. L.,1980- Distribution and diversity of ostracode assemblages from the Hamlin shale and the Americus Limestone (Permian, Wolfcampian) in Northeastern Kansas.‏ The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Vol. 100, pp. 1-26.
Pezelj, D., Sremac, J. and Sokac, A., 2007- Palaeoecology of the Late Badenian foraminifera and ostracoda from the SW Central Paratethys (Medvednica Mt., Croatia). Geologia Croatica, Vol. 60(2), pp. 139–150.
Piovesan, E. K., Bergue, C. T. and Fauth, G., 2009- Cretaceous ostracodes from Pará-Maranhão Basin, Brazil: taxonomy and preliminary paleoecological and paleobiogeographical inferences. Revue de Paléobiologie, 28(2), pp.437-456.
Piovesan, E. K., Cabral, M. C., Boavida, E. A., Colin, J. P. and Fauth, G., 2015- Fossocytheridea Swain & Brown and Perissocytheridea Stephenson (Ostracoda): Insights into paleosalinity gradients of late Cretaceous deposits from Brazil and Portugal. Revista brasileira de paleontologia, Vol.18(1), pp. 21-30.‏
Puckett, T. M., 1992- Distribution of ostracodes in the Upper Cretaceous (late Santonian through middle Maastrichtian) of Alabama and Mississippi, Geological Survey Of Alabama, Vol. 42, pp. 613-631
Rossi, V. Benassi, G. Veneri, M. Bellareves, C. Menozzi, P. and Moroni, A., 2003- Ostracoda of the Italian rieefields thirty years on: new synthesis and hypothesis, Journal Limnol, Vol. 62, pp. 1-8.
Salaj, J. and Nairn, A., 1987- Age and depositional environment of the Lower Tar ”Member“ of the Ziman Formation (Upper Senonian) in the Northern Hamada Al Hamra, Libya. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Vol. 61, pp. 121-143.
Sames, B., 2008- Application of Ostracoda and Charophyta from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Tendagura fromation at Tendaguru Tanzania (East Africa)- Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and palaecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 264(3), pp. 213-229.
Shahin, A., 2005- Maastrichtian to Middle Eocene ostracodes from Sinai, Egypt: Systematics, biostratigraphy  and paleobiogeography. Revue de Paleobiologie, Vol. 24(2), pp. 749-779.
Szczechura, J.,  1965- Cytheracea (Ostracoda) from the uppermost Cretaceous and Lowermost Tertiary of Poland, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Vol. 10(4), pp. 451–564.
Tesakova, E. M., 2010- New data on Late Santonian and Early Maastrichtian Ostracodes of the Saratov region. Paleontological Journal, Vol. 44(2), pp. 168-179.
Van Morkhoven, F. P. G. M., 1963- Post Paleozoic Ostracoda, part (II). Elsevier publication contributions, Amsterdam, London, New York, 478 p.
Whatley, R. C. and Coles, G., 1987- The late Miocene to Quaternary Ostracoda of Leg 94, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Revista Española de Micropaleontologia, Vol. 19(1), pp. 33-97.
Whatley, R. C., 1983- Some aspects of the palaeobiology of Tertiary deep-sea Ostracoda from the SW Pacific. Journal of  micropalaeontology, Vol. 2(1), pp. 83-104.
Whatley, R. C., 1991- The platycopid signal: a means of detecting kenoxic events using Ostracoda. Journal of  micropalaeontology, Vol. 10(2), pp. 181-185.
Whatley, R. C., Bajpai, S. and Whittaker, J. E., 2003- Indian intertrappean Ostracoda in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London. Cretaceous Research, Vol. 24(1), pp. 73-88.
Wilmsen, M., Fürsich, F. T. and Majidifard, M. R., 2012- Porosphaera globularis (Phillips, 1829) (Porifera, Calcarea) from the Maastrichtian of the Farokhi Formation of Central Iran. Cretaceous Research, Vol. 33, pp. 91-96