Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
1 Shahid Beheshti University - Faculty of Earth Sciences
2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University
3 Associate Professor/Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University
4 سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی- پژوهشکده علوم زمین
Abstract
The sandstones of the Dorud Formation (Early Permian) have been subjected to petrographic and geochemical studies in order to investigate provenance, tectonic setting, source rock and paleoclimate conditions in Khur section, Central Alborz. The Dorud Formation with a thickness of 360 m is mainly composed of fine to medium grained sandstones with lesser amounts of carbonate and mudstone. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals, 125 thin sections were subjected to petrographic studies. Modal analysis was performed on 20 thin sections and 13 samples of sandstones were analysed for major and trace elements. Based on petrographic studies the sandstones of the Dorud Formation are classified as quartzarenite with high textural and mineralogical maturity. Plotting point counting data on (Qt99.6, F0.2, L0.2( and (Qm95.9, F0.2, Lt3.9) triangles implies craton interior provenance. Also, major and trace elements based geochemical diagrams indicate that these sandstones deposited in a passive continental margin tectonic setting. According to petrographic and geochemical evidence the sandstones of the Dorud Formation derived from erosion of middle- to high-grade metamorphic, felsic igneous and quartoze sedimentary rocks. High mineralogical maturity, high values of chemical index of weathering (CIW) and chemical index of alteration (CIA) as well as SiO2 (%) versus Al2O3 + K2O + Na2O (%) diagram imply moderate to intense weathering under warm and humid climatic conditions. Passive continental margin tectonic setting and warm and humid paleoclimatic conditions is consistent with paleogeographic position of Iran during the Early Permian.
Keywords
Main Subjects
References
Allen, B., Vincent, S. T., Alsop, G. I., Ismail-Zadeh, A. and Fleckerd, R., 2003- Late Cenozoic deformation in the South Caspian region. Effects of a rigid basement block within a collision zone. Tectonophysics, v.366, pp.223-239.
Annells, R. N., Arthurton, R. S., Bazely, R. A. B., Davies, R. G., Hamedi, M. A. R. and Rahimzade, F., 1977- Geological Map of Shakran, 1:100000 Series, Sheet no. 6162. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran.
Armstrong-Altrin, J. S. and Verma, S. P., 2005- Critical evaluation of six tectonic setting discrimination diagrams using geochemical data of Neogene sediments from known tectonic settings. Sedimentary Geology, v.177, p. 115–129.
Armstrong-Altrin, J. S., 2015- Evaluation of two multi-dimensional discrimination diagrams from beach and deep-sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico and their application to Precambrian clastic sedimentary rocks. International Geology Review 57, p.1446–61.
Asiedu, D. K., Suzuki, S. and Shibata, T., 2000- Provenance of sandstones from the Wakino Subgroup of the Lower Cretaceous Kanmon Group, northern Kyushu, Japan: The Island Arc,v.9, p.128-144.
Assereto, R., 1963- The Paleozoic formations in central Elborz, Iran (Preliminary note). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologie Stratigrafia, v. 69, p. 503-543.
Augustsson, C. and Bahlburg, H., 2008- Provenance of late Palaeozoic metasediments of the Patagonian proto-Pacific margin (southernmost Chile and Argentina). International Journal of Earth Sciences, v.97, p.71-88.
Basu, A., 1976- Petrology of Holocence fluvial sand derived from plutonic source rocks: implications to palaeoclimatic interpretation. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 46, p.694–709.
Bauluz, B., Mayayo, M. J., Fernandez-Nieto, C. and Gonzalez-Lopez, J. M., 2000- Geochemistry of Precambrian and Paleozoic Siliciclastic Rocks from the Iberian Range (NE Spain): Implications for Source-Area Weathering, Sorting, Provenance, and Tectonic Setting. Chemical Geology, v.168, p.135-150.
Berberian, M. and King, G. C. P., 1981- Toward a palaeogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 18, p. 210-265.
Bhatia, M. R. and Crook, A.W., 1986- Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v.92, p.181–193.
Bhatia, M. R., 1983- Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. Journal of Geology, v.91, p.611–627.
Blatt, H., Middleton, G. and Murray R., 1980- Origin of Sedimentary Rocks, second edition. Prentice-Hall, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. 782 p.
Caracciolo, L., Le Pera, E., Muto, F. and Perri, F., 2009- Sandstone Petrology and Mudstone Geochemistry of the Peruc-Koryacany Formation (Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic). International Geology Review.
Chafetz, H. S., 2007- Paragenesis of the Morgan Creek Limestone, Late Cambrian, central Texas: Constraints on the formation of glauconite. Deep-Sea Research II, v. 54, p.1350–1363.
Chafetz, H. S. and Reid, A., 2000- Syndepositional-shallow-water precipitation of glauconitic minerals. Sedimentary Geology, v. 136, p. 29-42.
Critelli, S., Rumelhart, P. E. and Ingersoll, R. V., 1995- Petrofacies and provenance of the Puente Formation (middle to upper Miocene), Los Angeles Basin, Southern California; implications for rapid uplift and accumulation rates. Journal of Sedimentary Research, v.65, p.656–667.
Cullers, R. L. and Podkovyrov V. N., 2000- The source and origin of terrigenous sedimentary rocks in the Mesoproterozoic Ui group ,southeastern Russia. Precambrian Research, v.117, p.157–183.
Cullers, R. L., 1994- The controls on the major and trace element variation of shales, siltstones and sandstones of Pennsylvanian – Permian age from uplifted continental blocks in Colorado to platform sediment in Kansas, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v.58, p.4955–4972.
Cullers, R. L., 2000- The geochemistry of shales, siltstones and sandstones of Pennsylvanian–Permian age, Colorado, USA: implications for provenance and metamorphic studies. Lithos, v.51, p.181–203.
Cullers, R. L., 2002- Implications of elemental concentrations for provenance, redox conditions, and metamorphic studies of shales and limestones near Pueblo, CO, USA. Chemical Geology, v.191, p.305–327.
Dickinson W. R., Beard L. S., Brakenridge G. R., Erjavec J. L., Ferguson R. C. and Inman K. P., 1983- Provenance of North American Phanerozoic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting, Geological Society of American Bulletin, v.94, p.222-235.
Dickinson, W. R. and Suczek, C., 1979- Hate tectonics and sandstone compositions. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v.63, p.2164-2182.
Dickinson, W. R., 1970- Interpreting detrital modes of greywacke and arkose. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v.40, p.695-707.
Fantini-Sestini, F., 1965- The geology of the upper Djadjerud valleys and Lar (North Iran). Riv. Ital. Paleon. Strati. v.71(1), p.13-108.
Ferree, R. A., Jordan, D. W., Kertes, R. S., Savage, K. M. and Potter, P. E., 1988- Comprative petrographic maturity of river and beach sand, and origin of quarzarenites. Journal of Geology Education, v.36, p.79-87.
Floyd, P. A., Winchester, J. A. and Park, R. G., 1989- Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Lewisian clastic metasediments from the Early Proterozoic Loch Maree Group of Gairloch, N. W. Scotland. Precambrian Research, v.45, p.203-214.
Folk, R. L., 1980- Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Austin, Texas, Hemphill, 159 p.
García, D., Coehlo, J. and Perrin, M., 1991- Fractionation between TiO2 and Zr as a measure of sorting within shale and sandstone series (northern Portu gal). European Journal of Mineralogy, v.3, p.401–414.
García, D., Fonteilles, M. and Moutte, J., 1994- Sedimentary fractionations between Al, Ti, and Zr and the genesis of strongly peraluminous granites. Journal of Geology, v.102, p.411–422.
Gazzi, P., 1966- Le arenarie del flysch sopracretaceo dell’Appennino modenese; correlazioni con il flysch di Monghidoro: Mineralogica et Petrographica Acta, v.12, p.69-97.
Harnois, L., 1988- The C.I.W. index: a new chemical index of weathering. Sedimentary Geology, v.55, p.319 –322.
Jackson M. J., Simpson, E. L. and Eriksson, K. A., 1990- Facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis in an intracratonic, thermal-relaxation basin: the early Proterozoic, Lower Quilalar Formation and Ballara Quartzite, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia. Sedimentology, v.37, p.1053–1078.
Jackson, T. A. and West-Thomas, J., 1994- The genesis of silica sands of Black Rive, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica,. Sedimentology. v.41, p.777-786.
Javidan, M., Mokhtarpour, H. A., Sahraeyan, M. and Kheyrandish, H., 2015- Lithofacies, architectural elements and tectonic provenance of the siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Permian Dorud Formation in the Alborz Mountain Range, Northern Iran. Journal of African Earth Sciences, v.109, p.211-223.
Johnsson, M. J., Stallard, R. F. and Meade, R. H., 1988- First-cycle quartzarenites in the Orinoco Riverbasin,Venezuela and Colombia, Journal of Geology, v.96, p. 263–277.
Jones, P. C., 1972- Quartzarenite and litharenite facies in the fluvial forland deposits of the Trenchard group (Westphalian,( Forest of Dean, England. Sedimentary Geology, v.8, p.177-198.
Kahler, F., 1976- Die Fusuliniden der Dorud Fm. In Dajajrud- Tal nordlich von Tehran (Iran), Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratiger. v. 82, p.439- 466.
Khalifa, M. A., Soliman, H. E. and Wanas, H. A., 2006- The Cambrian Araba Formation in northeastern Egypt: facies and depositional environments. Journal of Asian Sciences, v. 27, p.873- 884.
Lacassie, J. P, Herve, F. and Roser, B., 2006- Sedimentary provenance study of the post-early Permian to pre-early Cretaceous metaedimentary Duque de York Complex, Chile. Rev Geol Chile, v.33, p.199- 219.
Lee, Y. I., Yi, J. and Choi, T., 2015- Provenance analysis of lower Cretaceous Sindong Groupsandstones in the Gyeongsa ng Basin, Korea, using integrated petrography, quartz SEM-Cathodoluminescence, and zircon Zr/Hf analysis. Journal of Sedimentary Research, v.85 ,p.529- 543.
McBride, E. F., 1985- Diagenetic process that affect provenance determinations in sandstone, In: G.G. Zuffa (Eds.), Provenance of arenite. Reidel Publishing Company, v.470, p.115-138.
McLennan, S. M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D. K. and Hanson, G. N., 1993- Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance and tectonics, in Johnsson, M. J., Basu, A. (eds.): Geological Society of America, Special Papers, v.285, p.21- 40.
McLennan, S. M., Taylor, S. R. and Hemming, S. R., 2006- Composition, differentiation, and evolution of continental crust: constrains from sedimentary rocks and heat flow. In: Brown, M., Rushmer, T. (Eds.), Evolution and Differentiation of the Continental Crust. Cambridge University Press, p. 92-134.
Morton, A. C., 1985- Heavy minerals in provenance studies. In: Zuffa, G.G. (Ed.), Provenance of Arenite. Reidel, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 405 p.
Muttoni, G., Gaetani, M., Kent, D. V., Sciunnach, D., Angiolini, L., Berra, F., Garzanti, E., Mattei, M. and Zanchi, A., 2009- Opening of the Neo Tethys Ocean and the Pangea B to Pangea A transformation during the Permian: GeoArabia, v. 14, no. 4, p. 17- 48.
Osae, S., Asiedu, D. K., Banoeng-Yakubo, B., Koeberl, C. and Dampare, S. B., 2006- Provenance and tectonic setting of Late Proterozoic Buem sandstones of southeastern Ghana: Evidence from geochemistry and detrital modes. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v.44, p.85- 96.
Perri, F., Dominici, R. and Critelli, S., 2015- Stratigraphy, composition and provenance of argillaceous marls from the CalcarediBase Formation, Rossano Basin (north eastern Calabria). Geological Magazine, v.152, p.193- 209.
Pettijohn, F. G., Potter, P. E. and Siever, R., 1987- Sand and Sandstone. Springer, New York, 553 p.
Pettijohn, F. J., 1975- Sedimentary Rocks. third ed. Harper and Row, New York, 628 p.
Potter, P. E. and Frazinelli, E., 1985- Fraction analysis of modern river sand of rios Negro and Solimoes, Brazil, implication for the origin of quartz rich sandstones. Rev. Bars. Geoscienc. v.15(1), p.31- 35.
Rashid, S. A., 2002- Geochemical characteristics of Mesoproterozoic clastic sedimentary rocks from the Chakrata Formation, Lesser Himalaya: implications for crustal evolution and weathering history in the Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 21, p.283- 293.
Reading, H. G., 1996- Sedimentary Environment, Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy Third ed., Blackwell. 888p.
Roser, B. P. and Korsch, R. J., 1986- Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone–mudstone suites using SiO2 content and K2O/Na2O ratio. Journal of Geology, v.94, p.635- 650.
Roser, B. P. and Korsch, R. J., 1988- Provenance signature of sandstone-mudstone suite determined using discriminant function analysis of major element data. Chemical Geology, v.67, p.119–39
Roser, B. P., Cooper, R. A., Nathan, S. and Tulloch, A. J., 1996- Reconnaisance sandstone geochemistry, provenance and tectonic setting of the lower Paleozoic terranes of the West Coast and Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology Geophysics, v. 39, p.1- 16.
Simpson, E. L. and Eriksson, K. A., 1990- Early Cambrian progradational and transgressive sedimentation patterns in Virginia: an example of early history of the passive margin. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v.60, p.84- 100.
Soegaard, K. and Eriksson, K. A., 1985- Evidence of tide, storm, and wave interaction on a Precambrian siliciclastic shelf: the 1700 m.y. Ortega Group, New Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 55, p.672- 684.
Stampfli, G., Marcoux, J. and Baud, A., 1991- Tethyan margins in space and time. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology, v.87, p.373- 409.
Stocklin J., 1968- Structural history and tectonics of Iran: A review. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin v.52, p.1229- 1258.
Stocklin, J., 1974- Possible ancient continental margins in Iran. In: C.A., Burk, and C.L. Drake, (Eds.), The Geology of Continental Margins. Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 873–887.
Stocklin, J., 1977- Structural correlation of the Alpine ranges between Iran and Central Asia. Mrmoire Hors-Srrie N° 8 de la Socirt6 Grologique de France, 8, p. 333-353.
Suttner, L. J. and Dutta, P. K., 1986- Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate, Ι. Framework mineralogy: Journal of Sedimentary Geology, v.56, p.329- 345.
Tawfik, H. A., Ghandour, I. E., Maejima, W., Armstrong-Altrin, J. S. and Abdel Hameed, A. M. T., 2017- Petrography and geochemistry of the siliciclastic Araba Formation (Cambrian), east Sinai, Egypt: implications for provenance, tectonic setting and source weathering. Geological Magazine, v,154 (1). p. 1-23.
Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M., 1985- The Continental Crust: its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, p. 312.
Tucker, M. E., 2001- Sedimentary Petrology (3rd edition), Blackwell, Oxford, 260 p.
Verma, S. P. and Armstrong-Altrin, J. S., 2013- New multi-dimensional diagrams for tectonic discrimination of siliciclastic sediments and their application to Precambrian basins. Chemical Geology, v.355, p. 117- 133.
Verma, S. P. and Armstrong-Altrine, J. S., 2016- Geochemical discrimination of siliciclastic sediments from active and passive margin settings. Sedimentary geology, v.332, p. 1- 12.
Von Eynatten, H. and Dunkl, I., 2012- Assessing the sediment factory: the role of single grain analysis. Earth-cience Reviews, v.115, p.97- 120.
Wendt, J., Kaufmann, B., Belka, Z., Farsan, N. and Karimi-Bavandpur, A., 2005- Devonian/Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy, facies patterns and palaeogeography of Iran Part II. Northern and central Iran. Acta Geologica Polonica, v.55, p. 31-97.
Wopfner, H., 2001- Late Palaeozoic to Early Triassic climatic transition between Africa and the Southern Alps. International Conference Geology of Oman, Muscat, January 12-16, Abstracts, p.89.
Zhang, N., Lin, C. M. and Zhang, X., 2014- Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the Paleogene sedimentary rocks from the North Jiangsu Basin, Eastern China: implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Mineralogy and Petrology, v.108, p.571- 588
)