Economic Geology
Hadi Mohammaddoost; Majid Ghaderi; Jamshid Hassanzadeh
Abstract
Sulfur isotope data on pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite in the A, B and D type veinlets in porphyry systems of the Meiduk cluster, located in northwestern part of the Kerman copper belt, show that these systems have near zero δ34S values. Sulfur isotope composition for the Chah-Firouzeh and ...
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Sulfur isotope data on pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite in the A, B and D type veinlets in porphyry systems of the Meiduk cluster, located in northwestern part of the Kerman copper belt, show that these systems have near zero δ34S values. Sulfur isotope composition for the Chah-Firouzeh and Iju deposits and Serenu, God-e-Kolvari and Kader prospects is from -1.4 to +2.5 (average +0.31), -1.3 to +1.1 (average +0.07), +0.1 to +2.4 (average +0.87), -1.5 to +0.2 (average -0.1) and -4.1 to +1 (average -1.04), respectively. These results suggest a magmatic source for sulfur. Also, limited range of isotopic variations and analogous isotopic composition for the three types of veinlets reveals that with evolution of the hydrothermal system, no significant changes occurred in the primary and relatively homogenous source of sulfur. Comparison between the data for the Meiduk cluster with available data from other deposits in middle and southern parts of the Kerman belt suggested that in porphyry systems of the northwestern, and to some extent southern parts, of the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc, sulfur was provided by a mafic magma originated from metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) which was affected by assimilation with continental crust; while in the southern parts, processes related to subduction and fluids from seawater and associated sediments had a major role in their sulfur isotope composition.
M Alimohammadi; S Alirezaei; M Ghaderi; D.J Kontak
Abstract
The Daraloo and Sarmeshk copper deposits lie in a northwest-trending fault zone, 10 km long and 0.5-1 km wide in the southern section of the Kerman copper belt, south Iran. The area is marked by a series of Late Eocene-Oligocene granodiorite and Miocene porphyritic tonalite-granodiorite intrusions that ...
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The Daraloo and Sarmeshk copper deposits lie in a northwest-trending fault zone, 10 km long and 0.5-1 km wide in the southern section of the Kerman copper belt, south Iran. The area is marked by a series of Late Eocene-Oligocene granodiorite and Miocene porphyritic tonalite-granodiorite intrusions that cut Eocene andesitic and basaltic lava flows and pyroclastic rocks. Mineralization in both deposits is associated with the Miocene porphyritic intrusions. Both volcanic and plutonic rocks are intruded by post-mineralization diabasic, andesitic and rhyolitic dykes. Representative samples from various rocks were analyzed for major oxides and a wide range of elements. The samples display calc-alkaline affinities; the volcanic rocks are metaluminous, and the intrusive rocks are peraluminous. On primitive mantle- and chondrite-normalized plots, all rocks are characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements, relative to high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements. The features, combined with the negative anomalies for Nb, Ta, and Ti, are characteristic of the subduction- related magmas.The Miocene tonalites are most fractionated, with LaN/YbN ratios ranging between 7.81 and 18.21. This ratio in granitoid rocks is between 6.61 and 7.56. The volcanic rocks are least fractionated, with LaN/YbN ratios from 1.52 to 5.16 .The geochemical attributes of the intrusive bodies from both Daraloo and Sarmeshk are consistent with significant contribution from sediments and crustal materials in the source area, compared to that introduced by fluids released from a subducting slab. The volcanic rocks are, however, appear to have been least affected by crustal materials, but slightly influenced by slab-derived fluids. Plots of samples from all plutonic and volcanic rocks on various discrimination diagrams indicate a transition from an island-arc setting in Paleocene-Eocene to a continental margin volcanic arc setting in Neogene. This is in agreement with earlier works on the evolution of the Kerman belt.
Z Yazdi; A.R Jafari Rad; H Kheyrollahi
Abstract
In this research, the areas for prospecting porphyry copper deposits have been introduced using airborne geophysical data (magnetic and radiometric). Magnetic anomaly boundaries have been detected using the reduction to the pole (RTP), upward continuation (with different heights), horizontal derivative ...
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In this research, the areas for prospecting porphyry copper deposits have been introduced using airborne geophysical data (magnetic and radiometric). Magnetic anomaly boundaries have been detected using the reduction to the pole (RTP), upward continuation (with different heights), horizontal derivative (HD) and tilt angle filters to estimate approximate depth of magnetic structures. In addition, the felsic intrusives and potassic alteration zones have been determined using radiometric data and the obtained ternary map. Finally, due to genetic model of porphyry copper deposits and effective factors on mineralization and integration magnetic and radiometric data results, the Chahargonbad region has been categorized according to the priority of the porphyry copper mineralization. The most favorable areas are located in north, center and east of study area.
N. Fatehi Gelab; H Mirnejad; R Mathur
Abstract
The Darrehzar and Parkam deposits in Kerman province are two examples of porphyry type copper deposits in the Cenozoic Urumieh- Dokhtar magmatic arc. Volcanic rocks in the study areas are dominantly composed of andesite, trachyandesite and basalt. The Darrehzar quartzmonzonite stock consists of phenocrysts ...
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The Darrehzar and Parkam deposits in Kerman province are two examples of porphyry type copper deposits in the Cenozoic Urumieh- Dokhtar magmatic arc. Volcanic rocks in the study areas are dominantly composed of andesite, trachyandesite and basalt. The Darrehzar quartzmonzonite stock consists of phenocrysts of plagioclase, hornblend, quartz and biotite, andconstituent minerals of diorite-microdiorite porphyry in Parkam include plagioclase, alkali-feldspar, amphibol, biotite and quartz. The thickness of oxide zone in Darrehzar deposit is few meters and in many well cores it cannot be obsereved at all, while the the thickness of leached zone varies between 2 and 80 m. Supergene zone in the center of this deposit has the greatest thickness (120 m). The depth of hypogene zone from Darrehzar is 400 m. The thickness of leached zone from Parkam is around 20 m. The average thickness of supergene zone in this deposit is 15 m and its maximu depth is 64 m. The depth of hypogene zone in some cores is around 500 m. Evalutating the Cu isotope ratios from leached, supergene and hypogene zones in these two deposits show that the magnitude of Cu isotopic fractionation and Cu concentrations are mainly controlled by the weathering processes. The average δ65Cu values of copper in the leached, supergene and hypogene zones in Darrehzar deposit are, respectively, -6.16‰, +2.52‰ and +0.79‰, and those in the Parkam are -4.33‰, +4.82‰ and +0.34‰. Therefore, weathering of Cu sulfide minerals generated isotopically lighter residual minerals and dispersed the heavy isotope to the percolating groundwaters. It is thus expected that the copper isotope ratios of the leached zones in various porphyry copper deposits to be linked with the extent of leaching and the supergene enrichment processes. Microscopic studies and mineralogical studies shows that hematite in the Darrehzar’s leached zone in more abundant than that in the Parkam, while Parkam’s leached zone contain higher goethite content relative to that of the Darrehzar. The amount of chalcosite, and pyrite–chalcopyrite in the supergene and hypogene zones, respetively, from Darrehzar, are more abundant compared to those in the equivalent zones in Parkam.
M. forutan; A. mansourian; M. Zareinejad; M. R. Sahebi
Abstract
Drilling in mine deposits has proven to be complicated, costly and time consuming process, hence it has identified the determining of optimum boreholes as a crucial issue in detailed studies. Because of some complexity in formation of mineral deposits, decreasing in risk and expenses of drilling ...
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Drilling in mine deposits has proven to be complicated, costly and time consuming process, hence it has identified the determining of optimum boreholes as a crucial issue in detailed studies. Because of some complexity in formation of mineral deposits, decreasing in risk and expenses of drilling may be continued by considering the wrapped condition of mineral deposits formation, followed by the integration of effective mineralization factors. By considering that in traditional methods of combination of mineralization’s factors like overlay and index overlay, is based on expert’s knowledge and expert knowledge is related to data accuracy, therefore, the accuracy of these methods could be remarkably decreased by large amount of data and noise. In order to solve these problems, utilization of flexible methods and powerful tools in data processing is obviously needed, especially in case of noise presence. Artificial Neural Networks are appropriate tools in large amount of data management and pattern recognition of noisy data, because of nonlinear, parallel and flexible architecture. So ANNs has been used in determining of proper position of boreholes. Neural Networks have various structures regarding their activation function and number of hidden layer and neurons in each layer. Consequently it is necessary to examine the performance of all these structures in determining the optimum position of boreholes.This paper represents a study on utilization GIS and four different Neural Networks namely: Multilayer peceptrons, Radial Basis Function, Generalized Neural Network and Probability Neural Network, for determining the position of boreholes of porphyry copper exploration in Chahfirouzeh region using cross correlation method. First, the mineralization factors are explained based on conceptual model of porphyry copper and predictor maps are produced, then, the training vectors are derived. After that, the networks are trained by geology, geochemistry and geophysics data layers. At the end, performances of the networks are compared. Implementation of Artificial Neural Networks reveals that two Neural Networks, GRNN and RBF, have the highest accuracy (approximately 80 to 83 %). Eventually, a potential map is produced by the best method.
Gh. Hosseinzadeh; A.A. Calagari; M. Moayyed; B. Hadj-Alilu; M. Moazzen
Abstract
The Sonajil area is located in ~17 km east of Heris, East-Azarbaidjan. The major lithological units in the area include bodies of volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks (lower to middle Eocene), Sonajil porphyry stock (upper Eocene-lower Oligocene), Incheh granitoid stock (diorite, syeno-diorite, gabbro) ...
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The Sonajil area is located in ~17 km east of Heris, East-Azarbaidjan. The major lithological units in the area include bodies of volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks (lower to middle Eocene), Sonajil porphyry stock (upper Eocene-lower Oligocene), Incheh granitoid stock (diorite, syeno-diorite, gabbro) (middle-upper Oligocene), and Okuzdaghi volcanic rocks (Plio-Quaternary). The Sonajil porphyry stock hosts a porphyry copper-type mineralization and varies in composition from micro-syenodiorite through micro-gabbro-diorite to micro-gabbro and micro-granodiorite, featuring principally porphyritic to microlithic porphyry textures. The parental magma of these igneous bodies had shoshonitic character (to high-K calc-alkaline), and tectonically belongs to post-collisional volcanic arc. Various generations of banded quartz, quartz-sulfides, quartz-oxides, and sulfides veinlets and micro-veinlets were developed within the porphyry body featuring typical stockwork texture. Veins of sulfide mineralization are also present in peripheral parts of the porphyry body. Alteration and mineralization occurred principally within the Sonaljil porphyry stock. Three types of pervasive hypogene alterations are developed in Sonajil stock: (1) potassic; (2) phyllic; and (3) propylitic. The principal hypogene opaque minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, tetrahedrite, enargite, molybdenite, hematite and magnetite occurring as dissemination and stockwork (veinlets and micro-veinlets). The chief supergene minerals in this body are hematite, goethite, malachite, azurite, chalcocite, covellite, and clay minerals.
