نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
گروه مهندسی معدن، دانشکده مهندسی معدن، عمران و شیمی، دانشگاه صنعتی بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
چکیده
این مقاله نتایج یک مطالعه میدانی را با هدف توصیف و تفسیر منشأ شبکه رگه‌ای در جنوب بیرجند ارائه می‌دهد. در مجاورت افیولیت بیرجند در خاور ایران، رخساره فلیشی پالئوسن – ائوسن در ناحیه پیش‌بوم بیرجند و همزمان با کوهزایی آلپی (لارامید) نهشته شده است. واحد ماسه‌سنگی این رخساره در برگیرنده دو دسته رگه کوارتزیتی راست‌گوشه است. دسته رگه 1 با امتداد N310-340، به موازات پیشانی کوهستان باقران و دسته رگه 2 (N215-240) عمود بر آن تشکیل شده است. بازسازی تنش دیرین در پالئوسن-ائوسن، جهت فشارش ناحیه‌ای را N240 نشان می‌دهد که عمود بر پیشانی کوهستان باقران است. از لحاظ ساختاری، برای ایجاد رگه‌های راست‌گوشه می‌بایست σ1 عمود بر لایه‌بندی و σ1 و σ1 افقی باشند. این وضعیت در ائوسن میانی – الیگوسن ایجاد شده است. کشش‌های پس از برخوردی این دوره باعث کاهش فشار ناحیه‌ای در منطقه گردید. در نتیجه تنش اصلی بیشینه (σ1) به وضعیت قائم تغییر یافت و تنش میانی (σ2) موازی فشار کوهزایی قرار گرفت. در این شرایط بازشدگی‌های کششی (حالت I) راست‌گوشه در نتیجه وارونگی محلی تنش و فشار سیال در رخساره فلیشی تشکیل شدند و در فازهای بعدی دگرشکلی، دسته رگه 1 در راستای دسته رگه 2 متحمل برش چپ‌بر شدند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
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عزتی، م.، غلامی، ا. و موسوی، س. م.، 1398، بازسازی مراحل اعمال تنش دیرین درکوههای شکراب واقع در زون زمیندرز سیستان. فصلنامه زمین‌ساخت، تابستان 1398، سال سوم، شماره 10، ص 57-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22077/jt.2020.1434
علیمی، م. ا.، 1401، تحلیل الگوهای دگرشکلی بر اساس آرایه‌های رگه‌ای سیگموییدال در پهنه برشی بهلگرد. فصلنامه علوم زمین، بهار 1401، سال سی و دوم، شماره 123، ص. 102-89، https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2021.277344.1895
موسوی، س.م.، علوی، س.ا. و خطیب، م.م.، 1389، تفکیک فازهای تنش دیرین به روش برگشتی از صفحه‌های گسلی در منطقه جنوب بیرجند. فصلنامه زمین‌شناسی ایران، بهار 1389، سال چهارم، شماره 13، ص 38-27. https://sid.ir/paper/129294/fa
نعیمی‌قصابان، ن.، خطیب، م. م.، قاسمی رزوه، ط.، نظری، ح. و هیهات، م. ر.، 1395، تحلیل هندسی، جنبشی و تعیین متغیرهای واتنش بر پایه رگه‌های کششی سیگموییدال در پهنه برشی بوشاد. فصلنامه علوم زمین، تابستان 1395، سال بیست و پنجم، شماره 100، ص46-37. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2016.40687
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Bellahsen, N., Fiore, P., and Pollard, D.D., 2006. The role of fractures in the structural interpretation of Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming, Journal of Structural Geology, 28, 850-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.01.013.
Berberian, M., and King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(2), 210-265. https://doi.org/10.1139/e81-019.
Berghauer, S., and Pollard, D.D., 2004. A new conceptual fold-fracture model including prefolding joints, based on the Emigrant Gap anticline, Wyoming, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 116 (3-4), 294-307. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25225.1.
Bons, P.D., and Montenari, M., 2005. The formation of antitaxial calcite veins with well-developed fibres, Oppaminda Creek, South Australia, Journal of Structural Geology 27, 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.08.009.
Bons, P.D., Marlina, A.E., and Rivas, E.G., 2012. A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures, Journal of Structural Geology, 43, 33-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.005.
Brookfield, M.E., and Andrews-Speed, C.P., 1984. Sedimentology, petrography and tectonic significance of the shelf, flysch and molasse clastic deposits across the Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh, NW India, Sedimentary Geology, 40(4), 249-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(84)90011-3.
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Carey, S.W., 1955. The orocline concept in geotectonics- Part I, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 89, 255–288. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/13965.
De Joussineau, G., Bazalgette, L., Petit, J.P., and Lopez, M., 2005. Morphology, intersections, and syn/late-diagenetic origin of vein networks in pelites of the Lodève Permian Basin, Southern France, Journal of Structural Geology, 27(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.06.016.
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Eckert, A., Connolly, P., and Liu, X., 2014. Large-scale mechanical buckle fold development and the initiation of tensile fractures, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(11), 4570–4587, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005502.
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Ezati, M., Gholami, E., and Moussavi, S.M., 2019. Reconstruction of the steps of applied paleostress in Shekarab Mountains located in Sistan suture zone, Tectonics Journal, 10, 57-69. doi: 10.22077/jt.2020.1434. (In Persian)
Fossen, H., Carolina, G., and Cavalcante, G., 2017. Shear zones - A review, Earth-Science Reviews 171 (2017) 434–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.05.002.
Ghodsi, M.R., Boomeri, M., Bagheri, S., and Ishiyama, D., 2016. Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb age, and tectonic constraints on the Bazman granitoid complex, Southeast Iran, Turkish journal of earth sciences, 25(4), 311–340. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1509-3.
Guition, M., Sassi, W., Leroy, Y., and Gauthier, B., 2003. Mechanical constraints on the chronology of fracture activation in the folded Devonian sandstone of the western Moroccan Anti-Atlas, Journal of Structural Geology, 25(8), 1317-1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00155-4.
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Berghauer, S., and Pollard, D.D., 2004. A new conceptual fold-fracture model including prefolding joints, based on the Emigrant Gap anticline, Wyoming, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 116 (3-4), 294-307. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25225.1.
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Bons, P.D., Marlina, A.E., and Rivas, E.G., 2012. A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures, Journal of Structural Geology, 43, 33-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.005.
Brookfield, M.E., and Andrews-Speed, C.P., 1984. Sedimentology, petrography and tectonic significance of the shelf, flysch and molasse clastic deposits across the Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh, NW India, Sedimentary Geology, 40(4), 249-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(84)90011-3.
Camp, V.E., and Griffis, R.J., 1982. Character, genesis and tectonic setting of igneous rocks in the Sistan suture zone, eastern Iran, Lithos, 15, 221–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90014-7.
Carey, S.W., 1955. The orocline concept in geotectonics- Part I, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 89, 255–288. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/13965.
De Joussineau, G., Bazalgette, L., Petit, J.P., and Lopez, M., 2005. Morphology, intersections, and syn/late-diagenetic origin of vein networks in pelites of the Lodève Permian Basin, Southern France, Journal of Structural Geology, 27(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.06.016.
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Eckert, A., Connolly, P., and Liu, X., 2014. Large-scale mechanical buckle fold development and the initiation of tensile fractures, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(11), 4570–4587, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005502.
Eftekhar Nezhad, J., Ohanian, T., Tatevosian, S., Manouchehri, M., Afaghi, A., Hosseini, Z., Qomashi, A., Afsharian Zadeh, A., and Etemadi, N., 1986. Geological Map of Birjand, Scale: 1:100,000, Geological Survey of Iran.http://dge.mshdiau.ac.ir/images/download/geologymap/Downlodmap/birjand%20map.jpg.
Engelder, T., and Geiser, P., 1980. On the use of regional joint sets as trajectories of paleostress fields during the development of the Appalachian Plateau, New York, Journal of Geophysical Research, 85, 6319-6341. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB11p06319.
Ezati, M., Gholami, E., and Moussavi, S.M., 2019. Reconstruction of the steps of applied paleostress in Shekarab Mountains located in Sistan suture zone, Tectonics Journal, 10, 57-69. doi: 10.22077/jt.2020.1434. (In Persian)
Fossen, H., Carolina, G., and Cavalcante, G., 2017. Shear zones - A review, Earth-Science Reviews 171 (2017) 434–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.05.002.
Ghodsi, M.R., Boomeri, M., Bagheri, S., and Ishiyama, D., 2016. Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb age, and tectonic constraints on the Bazman granitoid complex, Southeast Iran, Turkish journal of earth sciences, 25(4), 311–340. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1509-3.
Guition, M., Sassi, W., Leroy, Y., and Gauthier, B., 2003. Mechanical constraints on the chronology of fracture activation in the folded Devonian sandstone of the western Moroccan Anti-Atlas, Journal of Structural Geology, 25(8), 1317-1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00155-4.
Hancock, P.L., and Bevan, T.G., 1987. Brittle modes of foreland extension, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28, 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.10.
Karimpour, M.H., Stern, C.R., Farmer, L., Saadat, S., and Malekezadeh, A., 2011. Review of age, Rb-Sr geochemistry and petrogenesis of Jurassic to Quaternary igneous rocks in Lut Block, Eastern Iran, Geopersia 1, 19–36. https://doi.org/10.22059/JGEOPE.2011.22162.
Khatib, M.M., and Zarrinkoub, M.H., 2006. Analysis of paleostress in Zirooji shear zone based on the ratio of length to width of tensile fractures (south of Birjand), 10th Conference of Geological Society of Iran (In Persian)
Lisle, R. J., 2013. Shear zone deformation determined from sigmoidal tension gashes, Journal of Structural Geology, 50, 35-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.08.002.
Lorenz, J.C., Teufel, L.W., and Warpinski, N.R., 1991. Regional fractures I: A mechanism for the formation of regional fractures at depth in flat-lying reservoirs, American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin, 75(11), 1714- 1737. https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B29E3-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Maeder, X., Passchier, C.W., and Trouw, R.A.J., 2014. Complex vein systems as a data source in tectonics: An example from the Ugab Valley, NW Namibia, Journal of Structural Geology, 62, 125-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.01.011.
Maltman, A.J., 1988. The importance of shear zones in naturally deformed wet sediments, Tectonophysics. 145(1-2), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90324-1.
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