فصلنامه علمی علوم زمین

فصلنامه علمی علوم زمین

گمانه اکتشافی MDK-276: پنجره‌ای به ژرفای معدن مس پورفیری میدوک، استان کرمان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران
2 اداره زمین‌شناسی، امور معدن میدوک، مجتمع مس شهربابک، شهربابک، ایران
چکیده
حفر ژرف‌ترین گمانه اکتشافی ایران با ژرفای 2036 متر در سال 1402 در مرکز معدن مس پورفیری میدوک استان کرمان، امکان مطالعه جامع زمین‌شناسی بیش از 2 کیلومتر از توسعه قائم پهنه کانی‌سازی را پایین‌تر از سطح فعلی معدن‌کاری فراهم ساخت. بر اساس این پژوهش، دست‌کم 3 فاز توده نفوذی با ترکیب گرانودیوریتی برای فازهای پورفیری مسبب کانی‌سازی و پس از کانی‌سازی، و با ترکیب کوارتزمونزودیوریت تا مونزوگرانیت برای فازهای گرانولار پس از کانی‌سازی شناسایی شد. کانی‌سازی رگچه‌ای نوع A با همراهی دگرسانی پتاسیک، پس از رگچه‌های بی‌بَر نوع مگنتیتی، بیوتیتی پیشین و آپلیتی، بخش عمده کانی‌سازی در این ژرفا از کانسار را به‌خود اختصاص داده که سپس با رخداد دگرسانی‌های تاخیری کلریت-سریسیت و سریسیتی و زایش رگچه‌های نوع C، کانی‌سازی اولیه با نهشت مجدد مس به شکل کالکوپیریت، بورنیت و کالکوسیت متحمل غنی‌شدگی درون‌زاد گردیده است. شناسایی پهنه خوش‌عیار و پُربازده از منظر فرآوری برای مس و طلا در بخش‌های مرکزی ژرف کانسار، و شناسایی پهنه ریشه کانسار واجد توده‌های نفوذی بی‌بَر و دارای دگرسانی شاخص کلسیک 2000 متر پایین‌تر از تراز ارتفاعی فعلی معدن‌کاری (2300 متری) به‌عنوان دستاوردهای این پژوهش نویدبخش بهره‌برداری همچنان مقرون به صرفه با افزایش ژرفای معدن‌کاری در میدوک است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Ambrus, J., 1977. Geology of the El Abra porphyry copper deposit, Chile. Economic Geology, 72(6), 1062-1085. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.72.6.1062.
Arancibia, O.N., and Clark, A.H., 1996. Early magnetite-amphibole-plagioclase alteration-mineralization in the Island Copper porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposit, British Columbia. Economic Geology, 91: 402−438. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.2.402.
Atkinson, W.W., Jr., Souviron, A., Vehrs, T.I., and Faunes G., A., 1996. Geology and mineral zoning of the Los Pelambres porphyry copper deposit, Chile. Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication 5, p. 131–155. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.05.10.
Bennett, M., Monecke, T., Reynolds, T.J., Ricks, J., and Muntean, J., 2014. Cathodoluminescence and fluid inclusion characteristics of porphyry vein quartz [ext. abs.]. U.S. Geological Survey and Colorado State University, Pan-American Current Research on Fluid Inclusions Conference, 12th, Denver, Colorado, 2014, Program and Abstracts, p. 61–62.
Brimhall, G. H., 1979. Lithologic determination of mass transfer mechanisms of multiple-stage porphyry copper mineralization at Butte, Montana; vein formation by hypogene leaching and enrichment of potassium-silicate protore. Economic Geology, 74(3), 556-589. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.74.3.556.
Brimhall, G. H., 1980. Deep hypogene oxidation of porphyry copper potassium-silicate protore at Butte, Montana; a theoretical evaluation of the copper remobilization hypothesis. Economic Geology, 75(3), 384-409. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.75.3.384.
Brimhall, G.H., Jr., 1977. Early fracture-controlled disseminated mineralization at Butte, Montana. Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 37–59. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.72.1.37.
Cannell, J., Cooke, D. R., Walshe, J. L., and Stein, H., 2005. Geology, mineralization, alteration, and structural evolution of the El Teniente porphyry Cu-Mo deposit. Economic Geology, 100(5), 979-1003. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.100.5.979.
Carten, R. B., 1986. Sodium-calcium metasomatism; chemical, temporal, and spatial relationships at the Yerington, Nevada, porphyry copper deposit. Economic Geology, 81(6), 1495-1519. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.6.1495.
Carten, R. B., Geraghty, E. P., Walker, B. M., and Shannon, J. R., 1988. Cyclic development of igneous features and their relationship to high-temperature hydrothermal features in the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado. Economic Geology, 83(2), 266-296. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.83.2.266.
Cernuschi, F., Dilles, J.H., and Creaser, R., 2013. Hydrothermal alteration, SWIR-mineral mapping, vein distribution and age of the Haquira-East Cu-Mo porphyry. Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA), Biennial Meeting, 12th, Uppsala, Sweden, August 12–15, 2013, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 782–785.
Cernuschi, F., Dilles, J.H., Grocke, S.B., Valley, J.W., Kitajima, K., and Tepley, F.J., III, 2018. Rapid formation of porphyry copper deposits evidenced by diffusion of oxygen and titanium in quartz. Geology, v. 46, p. 611–614. https://doi.org/10.1130/G40262.1.
Cernuschi, F., Dilles, J.H., Osorio, J., Proffett, J.M., and Kouzmanov, K., 2023. A reevaluation of the timing and temperature of copper and molybdenum precipitation in porphyry deposits. Economic Geology, 118: 931-902. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5032.
Cernuschi, F., Einaudi, M.T., Dilles, J.H., Heather, K.B., and Barr, N.C., 2012. Hydrothermal veins, porphyry geochemistry and mineralization zonation of the Haquira East porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Peru. Society of Economic Geologists, SEG 2012: Integrated Exploration and Ore Deposits, Lima, Peru, September 23–26, 2012, Proceedings.
Chivas, A. R., 1978. Porphyry copper mineralization at the Koloula igneous complex, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Economic Geology, 73(5), 645-677. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.73.5.645.
Clode, C., Proffett, J., Mitchell, P., and Munajat, I., 1999. Relationships of intrusion, wall-rock alteration and mineralisation in the Batu Hijau copper-gold porphyry deposit. In Proceedings, PACRIM. 99: 485-498.
Dilles, J. H., 1987. Petrology of the Yerington Batholith, Nevada; evidence for evolution of porphyry copper ore fluids. Economic Geology, 82(7), 1750-1789. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.82.7.1750.
Dilles, J. H., and Einaudi, M. T., 1992. Wall-rock alteration and hydrothermal flow paths about the Ann-Mason porphyry copper deposit, Nevada; a 6-km vertical reconstruction. Economic Geology, 87(8), 1963-2001. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.8.1963.
Dilles, J. H., and John, D., 2021. Porphyry and epithermal mineral deposits. Encyclopedia of geology (secind editon, 847-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00005-9.
Dilles, J.H., Einaudi, M.T., Proffett, J., and Barton, M.D., 2000. Overview of the Yerington porphyry copper district: Magmatic to nonmagmatic sources of hydrothermal fluids: Their flow paths and alteration effects on rocks and Cu-Mo-Fe-Au ores. Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. 32, p. 55–66. https://doi.org/10.5382/GB.32.05.
Driesner, T., and Heinrich, C. A., 2019. Revised model of porphyry-Cu formation: Ore forms at the porphyry to epithermal transition, overprinting barren stockwork veining and potassic alteration. In Proceedings of the 15th SGA Biennial Meeting (Vol. 3, pp. 955-958). Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits.
Durning, W. P., and Davis, J. D., 1978. The root-zone characteristics of porphyry copper deposits. Arizona Geological Digest, 11, 81-89.
Einaudi, M. T., 1970. Geology of the east-central portion of the Yerington pit. Second progress report, Weed Heights, Nevada: Laramie, The Anaconda Company Archives, unpublished company report, 16-33.
Ford, J. H., 1978. A chemical study of alteration at the Panguna porphyry copper deposit, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. Economic Geology, 73(5), 703-720. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.73.5.703.
Gustafson, L.B., and Hunt, J.P., 1975. The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Economic Geology, 70: 857−912. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.70.5.857.
Gustafson, L.B., and Quiroga, J., 1995. Patterns of mineralization and alteration below the porphyry copper orebody at El Salvador, Chile. Economic Geology, 90: 2−16. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.1.2.
Hedenquist, J. W., Arribas, A., and Reynolds, T. J., 1998. Evolution of an intrusion-centered hydrothermal system; Far Southeast-Lepanto porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits, Philippines. Economic Geology, 93(4), 373-404. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.93.4.373.
Heinrich, C. A., 2024. The Chain of Processes Forming Porphyry Copper Deposits—An Invited Paper. Economic Geology, 119(4): 741-769. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5069.
Hezarkhani, A., 2008. Hydrothermal Evolution of the Miduk Porphyry Copper System, Kerman, Iran: A Fluid Inclusion Investigation. International Geology Review, 50(7):665-684. https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.50.7.665.
John, D. A., Ayuso, R. A., Barton, M. D., Blakely, R. J., Bodnar, R. J., Dilles, J. H., Gray, F., Graybeal, F. T., Mars, J. C., McPhee, D. K., Seal, R. R., II, Taylor, R. D., and Vikre, P. G., 2010. Porphyry copper deposit model. Chapter B of Mineral deposit models for resource assessment: US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 169. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070B.
Kirkham, R.V., and Sinclair, W.D., 1988. Comb quartz layers in felsic intrusions and their relationship to the origin of porphyry deposits. Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 39, p. 50–71.
Landtwing, M.R., Furrer, C., Redmond, P.B., Pettke, T., Guillong, M., and Heinrich, C.A., 2010. The Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit. III. Zoned copper-gold ore deposition by magmatic vapor expansion. Economic Geology, v. 105, p. 91–118. https://doi.org/10.5382/GB.41.008.
McInnes, B.I.A., Evans, N.J., Fu, F.Q., and Garwin, S., 2005. Application of thermochronology to hydrothermal ore deposits. Review in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 58: 467–498. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2005.58.18.
Meyer, C., 1965. An early potassic type of wall-rock alteration at Butte, Montana. American Mineralogist, v. 50, p. 1717−1722.
Monecke, T., Monecke, J., and Reynolds, T.J., 2019. The influence of CO2 on the solubility of quartz in single-phase hydrothermal fluids: Implications to the formation of stockwork veins in porphyry copper deposits. Economic Geology, v. 114, p. 1195−1206. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4680.
Monecke, T., Monecke, J., Reynolds, T.J., Tsuruoka, S., Bennett, M.M., Skewes, W.B., and Palin, R.M., 2018. Quartz solubility in the H2O-NaCl system: A framework for understanding vein formation in porphyry copper deposits. Economic Geology, v. 113, p. 1007–1046. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2018.4580.
Monecke, T., Reynolds, T.J., Gonchig, T., and Batbayar, N., 2023. Evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal system at the Erdenetiin Ovoo porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Mongolia: Constraints on the relative timing of alteration and mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, v. 59, p. 907–929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01221-8.
Muntean, J. L., and Einaudi, M. T., 2000. Porphyry gold deposits of the Refugio district, Maricunga belt, northern Chile. Economic Geology, 95(7), 1445-1472. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.95.7.1445.
Muntean, J. L., and Einaudi, M. T., 2001. Porphyry-epithermal transition: Maricunga belt, northern Chile. Economic Geology, 96(4), 743-772. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.96.4.743.
Osorio, J., 2017. Intrusion sequence and hydrothermal fluid evolution of Encuentro porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit, northern Chile. M.Sc. thesis, Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon State University.
Ossandón C, G., Fréraut C, R., Gustafson, L. B., Lindsay, D. D., and Zentilli, M., 2001. Geology of the Chuquicamata mine: A progress report. Economic Geology, 96(2), 249-270. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.96.2.249.
Outomec Ltd., 1992. Techno-economic feasibility study and relevant backing technical studies of Miduk Copper Project.
Ouyang, H., Mao, J., Hu, R., Caulfield, J., and Zhou, Z., 2021. Controls on the metal endowment of porphyry Mo deposits: Insights from the Luming porphyry Mo deposit, northeastern China. Economic Geology, v. 116, p. 1711–1735. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4850.
Perelló, J.A., Fleming, J.A., O’Kane, K.P., Burt, P.D., Clarke, G.A., Himes, M.D., and Reeves, A.T., 1995. Porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposits in the Island Copper cluster, northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Special Volume 46, p. 214−238.
Porter, J.P., Schroeder, K., and Austin, G., 2012. Geology of the Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit, Utah. Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication 16, p. 127–146. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.16.06.
Proffett, J. M. 1970. Summary of observations on albitization. The second progress report: Weed Heights, Nevada, Anaconda Co., unpub. rept, 34-45.
Proffett, J. M., and Ridge, J. D., 1979. Ore deposits of the western United States: A summary. Papers on Mineral Deposits of Western North America: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Report, 33, 13-32.
Proffett, J.M., 2009. High Cu grades in porphyry Cu deposits and their relationship to emplacement depth of magmatic sources. Geology, v. 37, p. 675–678. https://doi.org/10.1130/G30072A.1.
Redmond, P.B., and Einaudi, M.T., 2010. The Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit. I. Sequence of intrusions, vein formation, and sulfide deposition. Economic Geology, 105: 43−68. https://doi.org/10.5382/GB.41.006.
Rusk, B.G., Reed, M.H., and Dilles, J.H., 2008. Fluid inclusion evidence for magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution in the porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit at Butte, Montana. Economic Geology, 103: 307−334. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.103.2.307.
Schirra, M., Laurent, O., Zwyer, T., Driesner, T., and Heinrich, C. A., 2022. Fluid evolution at the Batu Hijau porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Indonesia: Hypogene sulfide precipitation from a single-phase aqueous magmatic fluid during chlorite–white-mica alteration. Economic Geology, 117(5), 979-1012. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4921.
Seedorff, E., Barton, M. D., Stavast, W. J., and Maher, D. J., 2008. Root zones of porphyry systems: Extending the porphyry model to depth. Economic Geology, 103(5), 939-956. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.103.5.939.
Seedorff, E., Dilles, J.H., Proffett, J.M., Jr., Einaudi, M.T., Zurcher, L., Stavast, W.J.A., Johnson, D.A., and Barton, M.D., 2005. Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features: Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, p. 251−298. https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.10.
Shafiei Bafti, B., Niedermann, S., Sośnicka, M., and Gleeson, S. A., 2022. Microthermometry and noble gas isotope analysis of magmatic fluid inclusions in the Kerman porphyry Cu deposits, Iran: constraints on the source of ore-forming fluids. Mineralium Deposita, 57(2), 155-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01041-8.
Shafiei, B., and Shahabpour, J., 2008. Gold distribution in porphyry copper deposits of Kerman region, Southeastern Iran. 19(3): 247-260.
Sillitoe, R. H., 1999. Styles of high-sulphidation gold, silver and copper mineralisation in porphyry and epithermal environments. Pacrim ’99 Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 1999, Proceedings: Melbourne, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 29−44
Sillitoe, R. H., 2000. Gold-rich porphyry deposits: descriptive and genetic models and their role in exploration and discovery. Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 315−345. https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.13.09.
Sillitoe, R.H., 2010. Porphyry Copper Systems. Economic Geology, 105: 3–41. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.3.
Sillitoe, R.H., and Gappe, I.M., Jr., 1984. Philippine porphyry copper deposits: Geologic setting and characteristics. Bangkok, Thailand, United Nations ESCAP, CCOP Technical Publication 14, 89 p.
Soleymani, M., Monecke, T., James Reynolds, T., and Niroomand, S., 2024. Mineral paragenesis of early biotite veins at the Kuh-e Janja Cu-Au porphyry deposit, southeastern Iran: Importance of microtextural observations in studies constraining the relative timing of hypogene Cu mineralization. Economic Geology, 119(5), 1199-1208. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5082.
Stavast, W. J., Butler, R. F., Seedorff, E., Barton, M. D., and Ferguson, C. A., 2008. Tertiary tilting and dismemberment of the Laramide arc and related hydrothermal systems, Sierrita Mountains, Arizona. Economic Geology, 103(3), 629-636. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.103.3.629.
Stefanova, E., Driesner, T., Zajacz, Z., Heinrich, C. A., Petrov, P., and Vasilev, Z., 2014. Melt and fluid inclusions in hydrothermal veins: The magmatic to hydrothermal evolution of the Elatsite porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Bulgaria. Economic Geology, 109(5), 1359-1381. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.5.1359.
Sun, M., Monecke, T., Reynolds, T.J., and Yang, Z., 2021. Understanding the evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal systems based on microtextural relationships, fluid inclusion petrography, and quartz solubility constraints: Insights into the formation of the Yulong Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Mineralium Deposita, 56: 823-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-01003-6.
Taghipour, N., Aftabi, A., and Mathur, R., 2008. Geology and Re‐Os Geochronology of Mineralization of the Miduk Porphyry Copper Deposit, Iran. Resource Geology, 58(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00054.x.
Taghipour, N., and Aftabi, A., 2009. Fluid inclusion microthermometry at the Miduk Porphyry Copper Deposit, Kerman Province, Iran. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts, p.1304.
Tosdal, R.M., and Dilles, J.H., 2020. Creation of permeability in the porphyry Cu environment. Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 21, p. 173–204. https://doi.org/10.5382/rev.21.05.
Tsuruoka, S., 2017. The evolution of hydrothermal fluids from the deep porphyry environment to the shallow epithermal environment. Ph.D. thesis, Golden, Colorado, Colorado School of Mines, 182 p.
Tsuruoka, S., Monecke, T., and Reynolds, T. J., 2021. Evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal system at the Santa Rita porphyry Cu deposit, New Mexico, USA: Importance of intermediate-density fluids in ore formation. Economic Geology, 116(6), 1267-1284. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4831.
Ulrich, T., Günther, D., and Heinrich, C. A., 2001. The evolution of a porphyry Cu-Au deposit, based on LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions: Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina. Economic Geology, 96(8): 1743-1774. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.96.8.1743.
Weis, P., Driesner, T., and Heinrich, C.A., 2012. Porphyry-copper ore shells form at stable pressure-temperature fronts within dynamic fluid plumes. Science, v. 338, p. 1613–1616. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225009.
West, R. J., Aiken, D. M., and Titley, S. R., 1982. Geology of the Sierrita-Esperanza deposit, Pima mining district, Pima county, Arizona. Advances in geology of the porphyry copper deposits, southwestern North America, 433-465.
Yousefi Soorani, L., Shafiei Bafti, B., Homam, S. M., Abbasloo, Z., and Taghizadeh Zanooghi, H., 2022. Hypogene enrichment in Miduk porphyry copper ore deposit, Iran. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 19133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23501-5.
Zürcher, L., Bookstrom, A.A., Hammarstrom, J.M. Mars, J.C., Ludington, S.D., Zientek, M.L., Dunlap, P., and Wallis, J.C., 2019. Tectono-magmatic evolution of porphyry belts in the central Tethys region of Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, western Pakistan, and southern Afghanistan. Ore Geology Reviews, 111, 102849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.02.034.
دوره 35، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 138
زمستان 1404، دوره سی و پنجم، شماره 4، پیاپی 138
زمستان 1404
صفحه 51-84